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Mr Silverman - History > Reform Acts - 1868-83 > Flashcards

Reform Acts - 1868-83 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Gladstone win the 1868 election?

The Campaign

A
  • Gladstone realised that the new voters had to be won over and made a series of speeches to mass audiences across the country
  • Whilst, Disraeli made a single speech
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2
Q

Why did Gladstone win the 1868 election?

Liberal Policy - what were they?

A
  • Whig tradition of religious toleration - support from nonconformists and radicals.
  • The slogan was ‘Justice for Ireland’ - party unity Ireland had re-emerged as a concern following another outbreak of Fenian violence in 1867.
  • The policies proposed, principally disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, had broad appeal as they offered a solution to a major concern and a key grievance of the age, especially given the hope that the ideas would be extended to mainland Britain in time.
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3
Q

Why did Gladstone win the 1868 election?

Liberal Policy - what were they?

A
  • BROAD APPEAL - offered a solution to a major concern and a key grievance of the age, principally disestablishment of the Church of Ireland
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4
Q

List the 5 groups inside parliament that made up Gladstone’s Liberal Party - a coalition

A
  • Liberals
  • The Whigs
  • Radicals
  • Irish MPs
  • The Peelites
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5
Q

List the 5 groups outside parliament that made up Gladstone’s Liberal Party - a coalition

A
  • Section men or Faddists
  • Regional support
  • Non-conformists
  • New Model Unions
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6
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - inside parliament

Explain who the liberals were

A
  • From industrial and commercial backgrounds.
  • Joined forces with the Whigs in the 1830s.
  • Support free trade, press freedom and freedom of religion.
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7
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - inside parliament

Explain who the Whigs were

A
  • Very aristocratic and old fashioned
  • Passed 1832 and 1833-41 reforms
  • Now their numbers are falling and are mainly in the Lords e.g. Lord Hartington
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8
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - inside parliament

Explain who the Radicals were

A

Includes a variety of MPs who supported radical change

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9
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - inside parliament

Explain who the Peelites were

A
  • Former followers of Sir Robert Peel who support free trade (and hence left the Conservative Party after Corn Law repeal in 1846)
  • Mainly from commercial / industrial backgrounds e.g. Gladstone
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10
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - inside parliament

Explain who the Irish MPs were

A
  • Had voted against the Tories since before 1832.
  • Support Liberals until they set up their own party in 1870 (Home Rule party)
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11
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - outside parliament

Explain who the Section Men or Faddists were

A
  • Various pressure groups
  • e.g. Libertarian Society (disestablishment), Land Reformers, United Kingdom Alliance (temperence) and The National Education League
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12
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - inside parliament

Inside parliament, how is the liberal coalition constructed

A
  • The following groups of MPs were brought together formally in the Willis Tea Rooms in 1859
  • as a result of their common desire to support Italian Unification and oppose Derby’s Minority government
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13
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - outside parliament

Explain who the New Model Unions were

A
  • Represent skilled workers such as engineers and carpenters.
  • Want formal recognition of Trades Unions.
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14
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - outside parliament

Explain what the regional support was

A
  • Strong appeal from the ‘celtic fringe (Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Southwest England)
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15
Q

Gladstone’s liberal party - outside parliament

Explain who the Non-conformists were

A
  • Want religious and political equality with the Anglicans. Also support education and temperence.
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16
Q

Assess the strengths of the Gladstonian coalition

A
  • lots of ideas & potential support
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17
Q

Assess the weaknesss of the Gladstonian coalition

A
  • lots of possible divisions
  • in keeping some people happy, their action will not suffice to satiate others
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18
Q

List the 5 areas of reform by the Gladstonian Coalition government

A
  • Modernising the state & civil equality
  • Education
  • Drink
  • Social Reform
  • Labour Laws
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19
Q

Modernising the state & Civil Equality

Summary of the key changes under Gladstone

A
  • improve army & civil service to stop aristocracts buying jobs
  • & the law courts are rationalised
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20
Q

Education

Summary of the key changes under Gladstone

A
  • get rid of the university test
  • Forsters Act: National Free Education (elementary)
  • local school boards set up
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21
Q

Education

Summary of the key changes under Disraeli

A
  • makes education compulsory
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22
Q

Drink

Summary of the key changes under Gladstone

A
  • introduces liscensing laws & increases magistrates powers
23
Q

Drink

Summary of the key changes under Disraeli

A
  • extend opening hours & reduce magistrates powers
24
Q

Social Reform

Summary of the key changes under Gladstone

A
  • bringing together all local authroities under a minister
  • local medical officers established to send reports to govt, improving healthcare
25
Q

Social Reform

Summary of the key changes under Disraeli

A
  • gave council powers to undertake slum clearance, dealing with slum housing, poorly made from the industrial revolution
  • & making sea ships more safe
26
Q

Labour Laws

Summary of the key changes under Gladstone

A
  • legalise trade unions & improve working conditions in mines
  • rights of companies & workers to strike ensured
27
Q

Labour Laws

Summary of the key changes under Disraeli

A
  • Factory Acts to improve working conditions
  • This was a consolidating measure with less impact & was hence less controversial
28
Q

What are the arguments for the secret ballot

A
  • Eliminate intimidation, influence and corruption
  • Reduce the influence of the wealthy / landowners
  • Reduce the cost of elections
29
Q

Who was a secret ballot supported by

A
  • Some Liberals
  • Radicals - who felt it would give voters greater freedom
30
Q

What are the arguments against a secret ballot

A
  • Cowardly and furtive - not an English idea
  • Interfered with property rights and values
31
Q

Who was a secret ballot opposed by

A
  • Conservatives - who feared it would disproportionately damage their electoral fortunes in county seats / rural areas.
  • Some Liberals including Gladstone but especially the Whigs
32
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

Why was John bright neccessary to the passing of the act

A
  • Mp - could assert political pressure in campaign
  • has a social conscience
  • background of reform - ACLL
33
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

How did John Bright ensure the passing of the act

A
  • promoted the pact principally, campaigning for it ever since he entered parliament in the 1840s
34
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

Gladstone wanted Bright to serve in his cabinet to….. so the bill….

A
  • ensure continued radical support
  • was the price he had to pay for this
35
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

Who ensured the bill was passed through

A

Gladstone

36
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

What did it do

A

Electors were to vote by secretly marking a printed ballot paper with a cross and placing it in a sealed ballot box

37
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

What were its long-term successes

A
  • allowed political groups to oppose traditionally powerful figures in certain areas, e.g Irish home rule
  • made voting more representative & democratic
  • improved the efficiency of the elctoral process
38
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

What were its short term limits

A
  • In many areas voters chose to overlook the secrecy of the ballot in deference to their landlords & are still willing to be bribed
  • Landlord influence continued to be a factor in many areas until WW1
  • The introduction of a secret ballot was largely a symbolic gesture of the reduction of corruption
39
Q

The Ballot Act (1872)

Was the ballot as important as the chartists thought

A
  • Not as significant as Chartists thought, not impactful until made a criminal offence, combined with the 1883 Corrupt Practises Act
40
Q

1874 Election

Why was the result of the 1874 election different to 1868

A
  • Gladstone had divided his party & annoyed his electorate (key swing voters, the m/c alarmed at rate of reform)
  • Disraeli did an effective campaign
  • Rise of the Irish Home rule party in Ireland
41
Q

1874 Election

How far can Disraeli’s victory be put down to the impact of the 1867 Reform Act

A
  • All liberal issues & tory successes are both connected to the 1867 reform act
42
Q

What was the result of the 1874 Election

A

Disraeli’s conservative’s convincingly defeated the liberals

43
Q

Why was the result of the 1880 election different to 1874

A
  • timing
  • economic problems & foreign policy issues
  • party organisation
  • campaigning
44
Q

Explain why the result of the 1880 election different to 1874

Economic Problems

A
  • unpopular rises in income tax due to expensive military campaigns e.g Afghanistan
  • agricultural depression in 1877 - government refuse to reintroudce tarriffs
45
Q

Explain why the result of the 1880 election different to 1874

The Campaigns

A
  • Gladstone’s Midlothian attacks 1879, which criticised the morality of Disraeli’s foreign policy, which proved effective in attracting both attention & support as did Liberal attacks over the economy
  • Meanwhile Disraeli did very little as his health was deteriorating
46
Q

What was the result of the 1880 election

A
  • Heavy defeat for Disraeli & the conservatives
47
Q

How far can the Conservative loss of the 1880 election be put down to the 1867 Reform Act

A
  • 1867 - less voters, so govt more likely to hang on,
  • 1880 - electorate more representative, govt more likely to be punished for issues
48
Q

Summarise the weaknesses of Gladstone’s Second Ministry

A
  • Growing divide in liberal party between Gladstone, Chamberlain & Hartington
  • Petty arguments - foreign policy, war in Afghanistan difficult to solve
  • & the Bradlaugh Case (an antheist MP refused to swear on the Bible)
  • Glastone rturning to leader again annoyed people
  • Irish Home rule disrupted HofC proceedings
49
Q

In what way was Gladstone repsonisble for the growing split in the liberal party in 1880

A
  • Gladstone resigned leadership of the Liberals after the 1874 defeat & Hartington had led the party till the 1880 election
  • But Gladstone was still widely regarded as the only viable Prime Minister in the party (Midlothian speeches asseted this) so Hartington willingly stepped aside
50
Q

List the reasons for why reform returned to the agenda after 1880

A
  • need a popular & achievable policy
  • don’t want to anger electorate
  • reform doesn’t cost money - significant considering lack of economic prosperity
    NO POPULAR PRESSURE
51
Q

When was the Corrupt practises act

A

1883

52
Q

What did the Corrupt Practises Act do

A
  • Makes it illegal to do certain things in elections:
  • 1 set a limit on expenditure by politcal parties & candidates
  • 2 prohibited bribery
  • 3 required expenditure to be accounted for by an election agent
  • 4 introduced penalties for breaking rules, from fine to imprisonment & expulsion from the commons
53
Q

What was the impact of the 1883 Corrupt Practises Act

A
  • makes secret ballot act be effective & succesful
  • reduces expenditure on elections for candidates by 6X
54
Q

Give a statistic evidencing why the Corrupt Practises Act was neccessary

A

ln Gloucester, 38% of the 5670 electors had taken bribes

Mr Silverman - History (30 decks)

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