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Mr Silverman - History > Chartism > Flashcards

Chartism Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Lovett found in 1836

A

the LWMA - London’s Working Mens Association

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2
Q

What emerged from the LWMA

A

the Chartist movement

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3
Q

Who was William Lovett

A
  • founder of the LWMA
  • one of the writers of the 6 points of the Charter
  • leading member of the national convention
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4
Q

what were the strengths of William Lovett

A
  • thought it was essential to educate the working classes, to convince people of the working classes’ eligibility to vote
  • strongly associated with ‘moral force’
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5
Q

what were the weaknesses of Lovett

A
  • clashed with O’Connor’s rhetoric & strategy
  • was criticised by O’Connor in the Northern Star
  • explored other areas of interest outside of Chartism - diluting the focus
  • cautious - not an effective speaker
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6
Q

who was O’Connor

A
  • originally a lawyer, and went on to become an MP for Cork from 1832-35
  • he established the Northern Star Newspaper
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7
Q

what were the strengths of O’Connor

A
  • powerful speaker—-> adopted many of Hunts attributes
  • helped to maintain Chartism as a national unified political force via the Northern Star —> innovative tactics
  • in his capacity as an MP that he presented the 3rd petition, so was involved in high politics of Chartism
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8
Q

what were the weaknesses of O’Connor

A
  • represents the ‘physical force’ of Chartism; which could result in a crowd so large that violence could emerge
  • he constructed the heavily criticised ‘land plan’
  • had an attention-seeking personality
  • had unrealistic, irresponsible expectations for Chartism
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9
Q

List the other leading individuals in the chartist movement

A
  • Thomas Cooper (produced a string of radical journals)
  • Henry Hetherington (London chartist)
  • Ernest Jones (one of the youngest national chartist leaders)
  • George Julian Harney
  • James Bronterre O’Brien (against taxes on newspapers)
  • Frost (welsh chartist)
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10
Q

When was the 1st Chartist petition

A

1839

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11
Q

When was the 2nd Chartist petition

A

1842

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12
Q

how many signatures did the 1st chartist petition receive

A

1.25 million

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13
Q

When was the 3rd Chartist petition

A

1848

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14
Q

how many signatures did the 2nd chartist petition receive

A

3.3 million

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15
Q

how many signatures did the 3rd chartist petition receive

A

5 million, however there were loads of forged signatures, so it wasn’t taken seriously

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16
Q

what were the strengths of the Chartist petitions

A

displayed immense coordination with the postal system only just being established

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17
Q

what were the weaknesses of the Chartist petitions

A
  • Government & MPs don’t see it as a threat & don’t care
  • with only half voting on it
  • 600 MPs and the vote results were a loss of 250v50
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18
Q

What was the National Convention

A
  • representatives would show up from all over, to discuss ideas, hold debates & vote on Chartist ideologies
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19
Q

What were the strengths of the National Convention

A
  • creating their ‘own parliament’ was innovative, political parties were not doing this yet, they were pioneers
  • they successfully agreed on resolutions to chartist disputes
  • very well organised & strategised
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20
Q

What was the Sacred Month

A
  • when the HofC rejected the 1st petition
  • they came up with the ambitious concept of a general strike
  • which was attempted
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21
Q

How did the Sacred Month fail

A
  • the general strike could not be carried out effectively as it had an unclear purpose and could catalyse a trade depression
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22
Q

what was the Northern Star

A

-the most widely read Chartist newspaper
-featured many famous socialogical thinkers e.g Karl Marx

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23
Q

Petitions of the masses was a new….

A

chartist tactic enforcing the people’s power, utilising moral force

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24
Q

What were the strengths of the Northern Star

A
  • crucial in ensuring Chartism emerged & sustained itself as a national movement
  • profits financed the Chartist movement
  • had a huge circulation, and an even higher readership
  • was a serious political paper written by journalists
  • the paper paid its taxes, difficult to be criticsed by authorities
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25
Q

What were the weakenesses of the Northern Star

A
  • critics of O’Connor believevd he was using the paper for his own personal advantage
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26
Q

What does the NCA stand for

A

National Chartist Association

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27
Q

What was the NCA

A

Like an office to coordinate Chartist activities

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28
Q

what were the strengths of the NCA

A
  • innovative —> political parties hadn’t even started doing this (learning from the unorganised nature of radicalism)
  • wide membership of 50,000
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29
Q

what were the weaknesses of the NCA

A
  • links with O’Connor who was imprisoned was controversial
  • not powerful enough to coordinate & keep movement consistent e.g the Northern Star wasn’t controlled by the NCA
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30
Q

What does the CSM stand for

A

the Complete Suffrage Movement

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31
Q

what was the CSM

A
  • an attempt to unite the middle class radical reformers with the chartists
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32
Q

what were the strengths of the CSM

A
  • leaving advocates were willing to work with Lovett
  • increases pressure for the universal suffrage movement, particularly within the middle classes
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33
Q

what were the weaknesses of the CSM

A
  • made Chartism more divisive
  • evidence of regional divisions, as they stood for the same values of the Chartists, but wanted to be separate from working classes
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34
Q

Who were the Christian Chartists

A

-An new Chartist culture which emerged, using Chartist organisations to promote things other than the charter

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35
Q

Who were the Tee Total Chartists

A

-A Chartist organisation which emerged, discouraging the consumption of alcohol

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36
Q

What were the strengths of the Christian & Tee Total Chartists

A

-broadened the outreach & inclusivity of the movement

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37
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Christian & Tee Total Chartists

A

-dilutes the Chartists’ movements purpose

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38
Q

When was the land plan set up

A

1845-46

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39
Q

What was the Land Plan

A
  • a scheme of O’Connors to set up in rural chartist communities in the hopes that:
  • Chartists having more ownership of land, would mean they would have more votes
  • so they could exert more power over policy
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40
Q

what were the strengths of the Land Plan

A
  • there were 100,000 participants in 1848
  • 5 communities had been successfully established
  • innovative & resourceful, developing new tactics
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41
Q

what were the weaknesses of the Land Plan

A
  • authorities found it a legal technicality
  • flawed through financial mismanagement which discredited the Chartists —> O’Connor accused of embezzlement
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42
Q

Who was General Napier

A
  • an army general
  • 1840s, there was lots of chartist protest in the North,
  • so govt sent him to manage this
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43
Q

What was General Napier’s approach to handling the Northern Chartist protests

A
  • tried to be considerate in managing protests,
  • sympathises that these are decent British people
  • was reluctant to use violence
44
Q

When was the Newport Uprising

A

4 November 1839

45
Q

what happened at the Newport Uprising

A
  • 10,000 armed chartists walking in military formation
  • 20 protestors were killed (violence worse than Peterloo)
  • poor image of the Chartists
46
Q

how were women involved in Chartism

A
  • they acted in support of their menfolk, rather than with a separate feminist agenda
  • critical to fundraising & running Chartist Sunday schools
  • working class women participated just as much as the men did
47
Q

Within the chartist movement, participation was ………….

A

equitable between men & women

48
Q

Describe how the role of women changed between 1837-50 in the Chartist movement
-stereotypes

A
  • as society became more prosperous,
  • a domestic female stereotype permeated down from the middle class
  • for working class women to aspire to
49
Q

Describe how the role of women changed between 1837-50 in the Chartist movement
-participation

A
  • Following the second petition, meetings were often held at male dominated pubs,
    resulting in a decline in participation,
  • so women turned to their focuses such as the abolition of slavery
50
Q

Describe the hostility towards the women in Chartism

A
  • opponents of Chartism used the female presence to ridicule the movement as a whole, invalidating it
51
Q

Overall summative view of women in Chartism

…………………restricted their input on the Chartist movement; however, they were….

A

stereotypes
integral on a local scale

52
Q

Who set up the complete suffrage movement (CSM)

A

Joseph Sturge

53
Q

When was the CSM set up

A

1841

54
Q

Why was the CSM set up

A
  • It was set up amongst ‘moral force’ chartists, predominantly the middle classes,
  • who agreed with the Charter,
  • but wanted to distance themselves from O’Connor & the ‘physical force’ chartists
55
Q

Which class did the CSM focus itself on

A

middle class

56
Q

What was the CSM’s relations with the ACLL

A

-There were attempts in the early 1840s to form an alliance with the middle class ACLL, but joint action was never agreed

57
Q

In what way did Chartists take an ACLL approach

A
  • believing middle class business & factory owners would use the lower bread prices as an excuse to reduce wages
58
Q

What were the weaknesses of the CSM

A
  • middle class support was further alienated from the Chartists
  • contributed to many middle classes not agreeing to sign the Charter by name
59
Q

How were the aims of the Trade societies different from those of Chartism

A
  • they aimed at economic improvement,
  • with workers arguably more concerned with lack of work, low pay and food prices,
  • as opposed to securing the Charter
60
Q

Trade societies would be _______________ in today’s terms

A

trade unions

61
Q

Why did many trade societies support Chartism

A
  • It appeared a sensible strategy during times of economic distress
  • In most heavily industrialised areas of England, the links between Chartism & trade unions were both close & intended to be mutually supporting,
  • at least until the collapse of strikes in late summer 1842
62
Q

Why did Trade Union’s support for the Charter fluctuate
-economy

A
  • In better economic times,
  • it proved difficult to enforce the message
  • that the only way to ensure worker’s rights was through the Charter.
63
Q

Why did Trade Union’s support for the Charter fluctuate
-wages

A
  • Skilled workers increasingly thought that getting higher wages from an employer,
  • desperate to increase productivity,
  • during a trade boom
  • was easier than pressing on them what many considered a revolutionary programme of democratic reform
64
Q

Suggest evidence that Chartism was a unified movement

A
  • all collectively working for the Charter
  • variations in support for the Chartists from different groups
  • wide appeal of Charter
  • middle & working classes are colaborating together
  • petitions display increasing support & organisation
65
Q

Suggest evidence that Chartism was not a unified movement

A
  • moral vs physical
  • new directions, types of Chartism, display too much variation in tactics & ideas
  • class divisions
  • loyalty & strength of support (dependent on the economy)
66
Q

Suggest evidence that Chartism was a national movement

A
  • There are delegates sent from everywhere to the convention, despite it being uneven
  • Spread & appeal is national, both urban & rural
  • Northern Star newspaper had a nationwide audience
  • NCA is a national organisation
  • Charter is nationally supported evident in petitions making it to parliament
67
Q

Suggest evidence that Chartism was not a national movement

A
  • uneven distribution of support:
    dominant in the North West, industrial areas, urban areas
    BUT… weak support in rural areas inc the South West
  • lack of support in certain areas (Liverpool & Ireland)
  • physical vs moral chartism divide regionally & evident in tactics
68
Q

Describe strengths of the Chartist movement’s regional support
North

A

Increasingly the center of Chartist-support, particularly in Industrial areas

69
Q

Which Midlands industry formed the backbone of Chartist support

A

Handloom weavers threatened by reducing their productivity, overusing machines to produce cloth

70
Q

Describe strengths of the Chartist movement’s regional support
The Midlands

A
  • Support was most militant in small villages and towns specialized on specific industries,
  • due to their good organization, especially the textile districts of Manchester
  • BPU were also supportive
71
Q

Describe weaknesses of the Chartist movement’s regional support
Wales

A

ministers in Wales turned away from Chartism following the Newport Uprising 1939

72
Q

Describe weaknesses of the Chartist movement’s regional support
Ireland

A
  • more interested in campaigning against the union
  • there was Catholic opposition to the Chartists
73
Q

Describe weaknesses of the Chartist movement’s regional support
Liverpool

A
  • more interested in the ACLL
  • & the fact that harsh poor laws had been in force since 1821
  • 20% of their work force were Irish - less harmony amongst working classes
74
Q

Describe strengths of the Chartist movement’s regional support
Liverpool

A

Liverpool’s chartist committee was dominated by skilled workers ‘radical trade’

75
Q

Describe weaknesses of the Chartist movement’s regional support
South East England

A
  • Limited support:
  • Essex & Suffolk >1% of Chartists
  • As agricultural workers did not face the same issues as urban industrial workers e.g some benefitted from the Poor Laws amendment act
76
Q

Describe weaknesses of the Chartist movement’s regional support
London 1830

A
  • London radicals were divided among themselves, lacking the community of industrial towns
  • London workers received higher wages than the rest of the country and were protected from unemployment rises in late 1830s.
77
Q

In London, ………… attended the first Chartist meeting in 1838 compared to …………… in Manchester

A

15,000
300,000

78
Q

Describe weaknesses of the Chartist movement’s regional support
London 1840

A
  • Support declined after 1842 as economy revived, following the economic depression
  • proved difficult to overcome the sectionalism of the different trades as there were no dominant industries allowing a communal approach from workers
79
Q

Describe strengths of the Chartist movement’s regional support
London 1840

A
  • Chartism really took root in the early 1840s coinciding with an economic depression in London in 1841-2.
  • In 1843-4 it was the HQ for the Northern Star, and the large demonstrations held after rejection of the 1848 petition.
80
Q

Why could it be argued the Chartist movement was national

A
  • The Charter itself, the NCAs in 1840 provided coordination
  • The Northern star was a national newspaper selling 36,000 copies per issue
  • O’Connor’s inspirational leadership sustained the movement’s widespread reach
  • delegates were sent to the convention from every region
81
Q

Why could it be argued the Chartist movement was not national

A

The patchy nature of the Chartist movement

82
Q

How were the aims of the Trade societies different from those of Chartism

A
  • they aimed at economic improvement,
  • with workers arguably more concerned with lack of work, low pay and food prices,
  • as opposed to securing the Charter
83
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Leadership - Lovett

A
  • unclear leadership - diluted purpose of movement e.g national education system
  • changed tactics too soon after 1st petition, increasing criticism from O’Connor
84
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Leadership - O’Connor

A
  • many felt he was a part of the movement to progress his own personal power
  • accused of being indecisive & backing-down too easily
  • criticsed by other leaders
85
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Supporters - lack of middle class support

A
  • partly the result of the 1832 Reform Act & the deterence of O’Connor’s physical force
  • Also, the ACLL had later significance at that point
86
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Supporters - regional inconsistencies

A
  • only prominent in industrial areas, even amongst urban regions there were inconsistencies
  • ACLL was the focus in Liverpool
  • O’Connor’s physical force was never national, just Northern
87
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Supporters - socially disadvantaged

A
  • many chartists were poorly eductated & struggled with economic distress
  • hence, there was a heavy reliance on leaders to organise & inspire
88
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist Movement
Aims & Tactics - umbrella movement

A
  • varied goals amongst supporters
  • varied social & economic priorities, amongst diluted new directions
  • rival organisations further weakened this
89
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Aims & Tactics - moral vs physical

A
  • weakened the effectiveness of movement, as it caused conflicts within the movement
  • divisions meant there wasn’t a hymogynous aim, splitting support
90
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Aims & Tactics - parliament not really concerned

A
  • almost no sympathy for further reform
  • voter turnouts low for petitions, dispaying low influence of movement
91
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a weakness of the Chartist movement
Dependence on economic conditions

A
  • Chartism’s strengths correlate closely with economic recession e.g 1835-39
  • improved economic conditions after 1846 hindered success
92
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
Parliament - middle class support

A
  • the reform act increased m.c support
  • they felt confident repressing the working classes from this new secure m.c alliance, through giving them the vote
93
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
Parliament - military support

*

A
  • 1848 - 150,000 special constables were enrolled, with loyaly to the state
  • govt could aquire far more men that the Chartists ever could, inc soldiers
  • only they could seriously escelate a situation
94
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
Experience, Organisation & Tactics - increasing govt experience

*

A
  • 1830s & 40s they were effective at dealing with protest
  • they learnt not to creat martyrs by imprisoning Chartists more short periods e.g 1842 & 48
95
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
Experience, Organisation & Tactics - General Napier

*

A
  • controlled 4,000 troops in Northern Districts
  • sensitive & sensible approach
  • can discern between the rhetoric & reality fo Physical force chartists
  • whilst sympathising with their economic distress
96
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
resources & infrastructure - electric telegram

A
  • network of spies & informers sped up communication
  • was vital for the 3rd petition
97
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
resources & infrastructure - mobilisation due to railways

A
  • 1830s & 40s periods of great railway cosntruction, linking most of Britains major towns
  • govt made use of this dealing with outbreaks of violence e.g Newport
98
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain a strength of the government
police force development

A
  • legislation for the creation of new professional police force, meant recruitment was steady & there was security in controlling demonstrations
99
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
working class solidarity & focus - charist activities

A
  • trade unions, handbills & posters displayed collectiveness
  • Northern star - shared language of protest to w/c; gave them a collective voice
  • chartist protests had large attendances
100
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
working class solidarity & focus - unity

A
  • met up with other like-minded people, giving them purpose & potential strength
  • shared undertsanding of aims, union in purpose
101
Q

Why did Chartism fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
organisation - National Organisation

A
  • The National Convention showed the ability to maintain a political forum.
  • The NCA established a sophisticated political organisation.
  • The Northern Star ran successfully throughout providing political education for thousands.
  • versatility of the leaders
  • Charter itself was progressive - promoting social and welfare policy, education and greater gender equality.
102
Q

The variety of successes in Chartist Organisation demonstrated…

A
  • the potential for a growing working-class political movement
  • that would focus on more than simple political enfranchisement
103
Q

Why did Chartim fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
political change

A
  • Policies of Peel’s Conservative government (1841-46)
  • e.g The Mines Act and the repeal of the Corn Laws
  • This undermined that only by getting working-class people into parliament would legislation be enacted in their favour
  • Govt moved in interests of the whole nation and not just the propertied classes
104
Q

Why did Chartim fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
political change - reforms

A
  • Shared hostility towards state secured significant social reforms
  • Years after 3rd petition - 5 of the 6 points of the Charter have now been enacted
  • Key staging point in the dvelopment of the labour movement
105
Q

Why did Chartim fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
- Land Plan

A
  • More than £100,000 was collected from 70,000 subscribers
  • company succeeded in creating 250 settlements
  • evidence of the creativity, adaptability and resilience of the movement, sustaining & propelling the movement forward
106
Q

Why did Chartim fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
other tangible benefits - Church

A
  • Church attendance was heighest in times of economic difficulties, like 1839, and word of mouth was an integral tactic of the movement
  • contributed to community united feeling
107
Q

Why did Chartim fail

Explain some achievements of the Chartist movement
other tangible benefist - education

A
  • Lovett set up schools in different towns which taught children to read
  • fed into moral force chartism, & displayed to the govt the future working classes elgibility to vote

Mr Silverman - History (32 decks)

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