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BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy > The Viscera > Flashcards

The Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the stomach found in the body?

A

Left hypochondriac region

Mostly underneath the rib cage

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2
Q

What are the 2 orifices of the stomach and what do they connect to?

A

The cardia - to the oesophagus

The pylorus - to the duodenum

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3
Q

Where does the oesophagus go through the diaphragm and join the cardia?

A

T10

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4
Q

Why do people get acid reflux and inflammation?

A

The lower part of the oesophagus is not protected

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5
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Antrum
  • Pylorus
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6
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A
  • Surround the pyloric canal

- Control food into the duodenum

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7
Q

What are the anterior relations of the stomach?

A
  • The left lobe of the liver
  • Diaphragm
  • Left costal margin
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8
Q

What are the posterior relations to the stomach? (stomach bed)

A
  • Transverse colon
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Splenic artery
  • Aorta
  • Terminal part of duodenum
  • Left kidney
  • Left suprarenal artery
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9
Q

Which blood vessels supply the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

The right and left gastric arteries

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10
Q

Which blood vessels supply the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

The right and lest gastroepiploic arteries

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11
Q

What blood vessels supply the cardia end of the stomach? (where is joins the oesophagus)

A

The oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery

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12
Q

What are rugae and what do they do?

A
  • Longitudinal folds within the stomach which become more regular along the lesser curvature of the stomach
  • Direct food to the pyloric sphincter
  • Allow expansion of the stomach
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13
Q

What is the oblique layer?

A

Extra muscle layer in the stomach compared to the intestines which helps to churn up food

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14
Q

What does the gastoroduodenal artery supply?

A

The pylorous

Proximal part of duodenum

Pancreas

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15
Q

What do the pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply?

A

The pancreas and the duodenum

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16
Q

What do the short gastric arteries supply?

A

The greater curvature of the stomach

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17
Q

Where do the pherenic arteries branch from and what do they supply?

A

The aorta

Supply the diaphragm

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18
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

Connects the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

The superior and inferior pancreaticodueodenal

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20
Q

Where does the head of pancreas lie?

A

In the C shape of the duodenum

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21
Q

Where does the body of the pancreas cross the midline?

A

L1

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22
Q

What lies posterior to the body of the pancreas?

A
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Portal vein
  • Aorta
  • Superior mesenteric vessels
  • Left kidney
  • Left adrenal gland
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23
Q

What lies anterior to the body of the pancreas?

A

Stomach

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24
Q

What lies posterior to the tail of the pancreas?

A
  • Spleen

- Left kidney

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25
Q

What lies anterior to the tail of the pancreas?

A

The left splenic flexure

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26
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct enter into the duodenum and what with?

A

Into the greater duodenal papilla with the common bile duct

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27
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater and where does it open into?

A

Formed by the union of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct -

Opens into the duodenum through the greater duodenal papilla

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28
Q

What is the spinchter of Oddi?

A

Controls the flow from the Ampulla of Vater through the main duodenal papilla

29
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open into?

A

The duodenum, through the minor duodenal papilla (closer to the pylorus)

30
Q

What is the uncinate process?

A

Process from the pancreas which hooks posteriorly to the superior mesenteric vessels - as they travel from behind the pancreas

31
Q

What percentage endocrine and exocrine is the pancreas?

A

1% endocrine

99% exocrine

32
Q

Examples of endocrine substances from the pancreas?

A
  • Insulin

- Glucagon

33
Q

Examples of exocrine substances from the pancreas?

A
  • Amylase
  • Lipase
  • Peptidases
34
Q

What marks the commencement of the jejunum from the duodenum?

A

The suspensory ligament of Trez

35
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

Hepatic arteries

36
Q

Where does the liver lie in the body?

A

On the right side

37
Q

What is the foramen of winslow and where is it located?

A
  • Located underneath the the liver, bound superiorly by the caudate lobe
  • Communication between the lesser and greater omentum
38
Q

What ensheaths the porta hepatis?

A

The lesser omentum

39
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

Contains the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile ducts

40
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver? Describe them

A

Right lobe - Large and domed

Left lobe - Smaller than the right

Caudate lobe - Dorsally on the right lobe

Quadrate lobe - between the fossa of the gall bladder and the round ligament

41
Q

What is a ‘fossa’ in anatomy?

A

A depression or hollow

42
Q

What are the relations of the upper surface of the liver?

A
  • The diaphragm
43
Q

What are the visceral relations to the liver?

A
  • Abdominal oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Hepatic flexure
  • Right kidney
44
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

Attaches the liver to the body wall

Separates the liver into the right and left lobes superiorly

45
Q

What is the ligamentum teres and where is it found?

A

The ‘round’ ligament

Attached to the falciform ligament at its free end

Remnant of the left umbilical vein

46
Q

What is the ligmentum venosum?

A

Fibrous remnant of the ductus venous

47
Q

Where is the gall bladder situated on the liver?

A

Between the right and quadrate lobes

48
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Where the diaphragm is in direct contact with the liver - no peritoneum covering this part of the liver

49
Q

What ligaments connect the liver to the diaphragm?

A

The right and left triangular ligaments

The right and left coronary ligaments

50
Q

Where is the inferior vena cava located in regards to the liver?

A

Between the right and caudate lobes

51
Q

What are the impressions on the right lobe of the liver?

A

Renal

Colic

Duodenal

52
Q

What are the impressions on the left lobe of the liver?

A

Oesophageal

Gastric

53
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

1) Hepatic artery propper (25%)

2) Hepatic portal vein (75%)

54
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein bring to the liver?

A

Blood high in nutrients, from the:

  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • GI tract
  • Gall bladder and ducts

To be filtered by the liver

55
Q

What does the portal triad consist of?

A

1) Hepatic portal vein
2) Hepatic artery propper
3) Bile ducts

56
Q

Describe the structure of the liver (in regards to blood supply)

A

Made up of lobules - each with a central vein

Central vein receives blood from the liver sinusoids

Sinosoids contain the blood from the hepatic artery proper and the hepatic portal vein

57
Q

What in the liver produces bile?

A

The hepatocyte cells in the liver, which are blocks of cells that radiate from the central vein

58
Q

In what direction does the bile in the liver travel?

A

In the opposite direction to the blood - towards the portal triad, away from the central vein

59
Q

Describe the biliary system

A
  • Right and left hepatic ducts fuse in the porta hepatis to form the COMMON BILE DUCT
  • CBM joins the pancreatic duct at the entrance into the duodenum through the main pancreatic duct
  • Entrance guarded into the duodenum by the SPHINCTER OF ODDI
60
Q

What is the gall bladder related to inferiorly?

A

Duodenum and transverse colon

61
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A
  • Store bile produced by the liver - received thorough the common bile duct
  • Concentrates bile by removing water
62
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

Duct from the gallbladder to the common bile duct

63
Q

Where does the blood supply to the gallblader come from?

A

The cystic artery - branch from the right hepatic artery

64
Q

Where does the spleen lie in the body?

A

In the left hypochondriac region

Beneath the 9th-12th ribs

65
Q

What are the relations of the spleen?

A

Inferiorly - Splenic flexure of the colon

Posteriorly - diaphragm

Anteriorly - fundus of the stomach

Medially - Left kidney

66
Q

What are the impressions on the spleen?

A

Renal (next to inferior margin)

Colic

Gastric

67
Q

What are 3, lateral, paired branches from the aorta?

A

1) Suprarenal
2) Renal
3) Testicular/ovarian

68
Q

What are the terminal branches of the aorta?

A

Common iliacs

Median sacral artery

69
Q

What are the 5 lateral, paired branches from the aorta to the parieties?

A
  • Inferior phrenic artery

- 4 lumbar artery branches

BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy (13 decks)

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