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BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

1
Q

What valve is the tricuspid valve?

A

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

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2
Q

Describe the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

A
  • Pulmonary valve

- Has 3 semilunar cusps

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3
Q

Describe the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A
  • Mitral valve

- Bicuspid

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4
Q

Describe, in full, the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

A
  • Aortic valve
  • 3 semilunar cusps
  • Guards the aortic orifice
  • Aortic sinues directly above
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5
Q

What are the aortic sinuses and what is the importance to coronary arteries?

A
  • Anatomical dilations of the aorta (pockets)
  • Each sinus is one valve of the aortic valve
  • The origin of the left and right coronary artery start in one of the sinus
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6
Q

What are the 3 branches from the aortic arch? (right to left)

A

1) Brachiocephalic artery
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left subclavian artery

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7
Q

What are the 2 branches from the brachiocephalic artery? (right to left)

A

1) Right subclavian

2) Right common carotid artery

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8
Q

From the heart, what are the branches of the superior vena cava?

A

Right and left brachiocephalic vein

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9
Q

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic veins?

A

1) Subclavian vein (most laterally)

2) Internal jugular vein (more medially)

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10
Q

What 4 things drain into the right atrium?

A

1) Inferior vena cava
2) Superior vena cava
3) Coronary sinus
4) Anterior cardiac vein

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11
Q

What does the anterior cardiac vein do?

A

Collect blood from the right ventricle and drain into the right atrium

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12
Q

Where does the coronary sinus receive blood from?

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • Middle cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Oblique vein
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13
Q

What does the coronary sinus do and where is it seen?

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle itself and delivers it to the right atrium

  • Mainly seen on the posterior of the heart, in the coronary sulcus
  • Just to the left of the vena cava
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14
Q

What does the pericardium contain?

A
  • Heart and its great vessels

- Pericardial fluid

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15
Q

Function of the pericardium?

A

To lubricate the moving surfaces of the heart

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16
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The remnants of the foetal ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the proximal descending aorta - to bypass the foetal non-functioning lungs

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17
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Give blood supply to the heart

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18
Q

Where are the coronary arteries hidden?

A

Under auricular appendages

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19
Q

Where do the main branches of the coronary arteries lie?

A

In the inter-ventricular (anterior - left and posterior- right) and atrioventricular grooves

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20
Q

Describe the pathway of the right coronary artery

  • Pathway
  • Branches
  • Largest branch and pathway
A
  • Directed to the right and passes to the posterior part of the heart within the CORONARY SULCUS
  • Sends branches along its path
  • The largest branch is the posterior inter-ventricular artery, which courses towards the apex or the heart
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21
Q

What is the coronary sulcus and what does it contain?

A

Separates the atria from the ventricles

Contains:

  • Right coronary artery
  • Coronary sinus
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Circumflex artery
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22
Q

Describe the pathway of the left coronary artery

  • Pathway
  • Branches
  • Largest branch and pathway
A

Directed to the left and then divides into 2:

1) An anterior interventricular branch - descends towards the apex
2) A circumflex branch - passes posteriorly to the back of the heart

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23
Q

What are the auricles of the heart and what are their function?

A
  • Attached to each of the anterior surfaces of the outside of the atria
  • Appendages
  • Function is to increase the capacity of the atria
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24
Q

What does the inside of the atria look like?

A
  • Smooth area

- Auricle is marked by muscle ridges - pectinate muscles

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25
What are the pectinate muscles?
Parallel muscle ridges on the inside of the auricle in the artia
26
What is the full structure of the tricuspid valve? - Cups - How attached to the heart wall
3 cusps: - Anterior - Posterior - Septal - Attached to the wall by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
27
Which ventricle is the the thickest?
Left ventricle
28
What are trabeculae carneae?
Irregular muscle elevations, marking the inner inflow tract pathway Found in the ventricles
29
What are papillary muscles?
Muscles in the ventricle which project into the lumen of the ventricle and attach to the valve by chordae tendinaea
30
Which atria has thicker walls and is smaller?
The left atria
31
What opens into the left atrium?
4 pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs
32
How is the mediastinum divided?
By a theoretical horizontal line from the sternal angle to the lower border of T4 - Divides it into the superior and inferior Inferior divided further into: - Anterior - Middle - Posterior
33
What mediastinum is the aortic arch contained within?
Superior mediastinum
34
At what level does the aorta give off its 3 main branches?
T4
35
What is in the middle mediastinum?
The pericardium Heart Great vessels
36
Where does the posterior mediastinum start and end?
T5- T12
37
What does the posterior mediastinum contain?
The descending aorta
38
What is the base of the pericardium fused with?
The central tendon of the diaphragm
39
What is the structure of the pericardium?
2 layers: 1) Fibrous - Dense connective tissue 2) Serous layer: - Visceral layer (epicardium) - Parietal layer
40
What happens to the heart when it develops?
It invaginates into the serous sac, forming a visceral and a parietal layer
41
What do the common carotid arteries divide into?
Internal and external carotid arteries
42
How is the pericardium attached to the sternum?
Via the sternopericardial ligament
43
Where does the diaphragm hang down to? - Posteriorly - Anteriorly - In the middle
T12 posteriorly T10 anteriorly T8 in the middle
44
Where does the inferior vena cava enter the diaphragm?
T8
45
Where does the oesophagus enter the diaphragm?
T10
46
Where does the aorta enter the diaphragm?
T12 | enters behind the diaphragm, doesn't pierce
47
What are the surface projections of the heart? (right to left, top to bottom)
3rd costal cartilage 2nd costal cartilage 6th costal cartilage 5th intercostal space
48
Which side of the liver is higher than the other?
Right side
49
Where does the sinoatrial node receive its nerve impulse from?
The Vagus nerve, just to the right of the opening of the superior vena cava
50
What is modified cardiac muscle?
- Conduts nerve impuse from the SA to the AV node And then through the bundle of His
51
Where does the electrical impulse of the heart travel once it has travelled down the bundle of His?
Into the right and left branches which run immediately beneath the endocardium
52
Where does the AV node lie?
In the atrial septum, above the opening for the coronary sinus
53
Describe the circulation in the fetus
- Deoxygenated blood to the placenta by UMBILICAL ARTERIES - Blood is nourished and oxygenated at the placenta, leaves placenta via the UMBILICAL VEIN - Much of the oxygenated blood bypasses the liver through the DUCTUS VENOSUS - to the inferior vana cava - Blood enters the right atrium Right atrial blood bypasses the lungs by 2 routes: 1) Across to the LEFT ARTIUM via the FORAMEN OVALE 2) To the right ventricle, out the pulmonary artery and through the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS to reach the aorta
54
What happens to the circulation at birth and why?
- Expansion of the lungs leads to increased blood flow in the pulmonary arteries - Causes a pressure change in the artia - Closes the foramen ovale - Functional closure of the ductus arteriosis, due to contraction of the muscular wall
55
What does the foramen ovale become at birth?
The fossa ovalis
56
What does the ductus arteriosus become at birth?
The ligamentum ateriosus
57
What do the umbillical ARTERIES become at birth?
They become fibrosed to form the MEDIAL UMBILICAL LIGAMENTS
58
What do the umbillical VEINS become at birth?
Become fibrosed to form the LIGAMENTUM TERES
59
What does the ductus venous become at birth?
Forms the LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM
60
What proportion of people have a balanced distribution of left and right coronary arteries?
70%
61
What determines the dominance of the coronary arteries?
- Which arteries contribute to the posterior descending artery - Which artery supplies the AV node
62
What proportion of people have a dominance of left coronary arteries?
10-15%
63
What proportion of people have a dominance of right coronary arteries?
15-20%

BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy (13 decks)

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