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BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy > REMEMBER!!! > Flashcards

REMEMBER!!! Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?

A

Origin: Pubic crest (1 inch)
Insertion: Ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

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2
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

A

Depress the ribs
Compress the contents of the abdomen
Flex the trunk

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3
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique?

A

Origin: Ribs 5-12
Insertion: Pubis, Iliac crest, linea alba

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4
Q

What does UNIateral contraction of the external oblique cause and how is this different to the internal oblique?

A

External - contralateral rotation (to the OPPOSITE side)

Internal - Ipsilateral rotation (to the SAME side)

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5
Q

What does BIlateral contraction of the internal/external obliques cause?

A

Flexion of the trunk

Compresses the internal organs

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6
Q

Why are the internal obliques and the transverse abdominals innervated by thoratic nerves AND lumbar nerves, but the external obliques are only innervated by the thoratic nerves?

A

Internal obliques and transverse abdominals originate from the lumbar fascia, whereas the external obliques dont

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7
Q

Which of the abdominal muscles create the inguinal ligament in its free edge?

A

The external oblique - with its aponuerosis

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8
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the internal obliques?

A

Origin - Lumbar fascia, Iliac crest and inguinal ligament

Insertion - Costal cartilage of lower 4 ribs, linear alba, pubic crest

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse abdominals?

A

Origin - Lumbar fascia, Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, ribs 5-12

Insertion - Linear alba, pubic crest

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10
Q

How are the fibres of the external obliques and the internal obliques different?

A

External - run medially and DOWNWARDS

Internal - Run medially and UPWARDS

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11
Q

Below the arcuate line, what makes up the posterior sheath of the rectus abdominals?

A

Transversalis fascia

Parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

What is the role of the peritoneum?

A

Anchor organs and provides support for movements

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13
Q

What is contained within the double layer of peritoneum?

A

Serous fluid

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum and what are they in contact with?

A

Visceral - organs

Parietal - abdominal cavity

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15
Q

What peritoneum makes the greater omentum?

A

Double layer fold of VISCERAL peritoneum

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16
Q

Which organs in the abdominal cavity have LESS motility?

A

Retroperitoneal organs:

Pancreas
Duodenum 
Ascending Colon 
Descending Colon 
Oesophagus 
Rectum 
Kideny and Adrenal glands
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17
Q

What does ‘retroperitoneal’ mean?

A

Organs are only covered by peritoneum on their anterior side

Their posterior side are in direct contact with the posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

What does ‘intraperitoneal’ mean?

A

These organs are completely surrounded by peritoneum

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19
Q

What is the ‘mesentery’ of the abdominal cavity?

‘mesentery propper’?

A

PERITONEAL FOLDS which connect the organs together and to the posterior abdominal wall

  • Mesentery propper is a fan shaped mesentery - connecting the Jejunum and Ileum to the posterior abdominal wall
  • Contains arteries and veins
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20
Q

What is the ‘rectus sheath’?

A

An envelope built by the aponeurosis of the LATERAL abdominal muscles

The rectus abdominals sit inside this envelope

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21
Q

What are ‘tendonous intersections’?

A

Fibrous horizontal strips along the rectus abdominals - where the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths are adhered together

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22
Q

What is the ‘linear alba’?

A

The band of fascia down the centre of the rectus abdominals

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23
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the celiac trunk?

A

T12

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24
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

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25
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the renal arteries?

A

L1 (but directly below the superior mesenteric arteries)

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26
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the gonadal arteries?

A

L2

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27
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta give off the inferior mesenteric arteries?

A

L3

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28
Q

At which level does the abdominal aorta branch into the left and right common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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29
Q

What else does the abdominal aorta branch into at the same point as the right and left common iliac arteries?

A

The median sacral artery

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30
Q

What does the internal iliac arteries branch into?

What do these supply?

A
  • Umbilical artery - supplies bladder
  • Vaginal and uterine artery
  • INTERNAL PUDENDAL artery - supplies the penis through the bulbourethral, deep and dorsal arteries
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31
Q

What is the major artery of the pelvis?

A

The INTERNAL iliac artery

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32
Q

What are the testicular and ovarian arteries a direct branch from?

A

The abdominal aorta at L2

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33
Q

Where does the right gastric artery branch from?

A

The proper hepatic artery

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34
Q

Going clockwise, what are the branches from the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Jejunal and ileal arteries

Ileocolic artery

Right colic

Middle colic

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal

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35
Q

Going clockwise, what are the branches from the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Superior rectal

Sigmoid

Left colic

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36
Q

What is the marginal artery?

A

The connection between the superior and inferior mesenteric artery (along the transverse colon)

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37
Q

What does the ileocolic artery supply?

A

The terminal ileum
The caceum
The start of the ascending colon

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38
Q

What is Merckel’s diverticulum?

A

Bulge of the ileum

Remenant of the vitelline duct

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39
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Right and left HYPOCONDRIAC

Epigastric

Right and left LUMBAR

Umbilical

Right and left ILIAC

Hypogastric

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40
Q

How many parts does the duodenum have?

A 
4
Superior
Descending 
Inferior 
Ascending
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41
Q

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A

From the pancreaticoduodenal

superior from gastrodueodenal artery
(inferior from superior pancreaticoduodenal)

42
Q

What lies in the C of the duodenum?

A

The head of the pancreas

43
Q

Where in the small intestine does most of the absorption of food take place?

A

In the jejunum

44
Q

What is not absorbed in the jejunum?

A

Vitamin B12 - absorbed in the ileum instead

45
Q

What are the order of the parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

46
Q

Out of the jejunum and the ileum, which:

Has more fat (mesentery)?

Has thinner walls?

Has a smaller diameter?

Has longer arteries?

Has less arcades?

Is pink colour in colour?

Has plicae circularis?

Lies in the hypogastric region and pelvis?

Lies in the umbilical region?

More peyers patches?

A

More fat - ileum

Thinner walls - ileum

Smaller diameter - ileum

Longer arteries - jejunum

Less arcardes - jejunum

Pink in colour - ileum

Plicae circularis - jejunum

Hypogastric region and pelvis - ileum

Umbilical region - jejunum

Payers patches - ileum

47
Q

What are plicae circularis?

A

Projections into the lumen of the jejunum with microvilli - for absorption

48
Q

Where does the caecum lie?

A

In the left iliac region

49
Q

Where is the appendix positioned?

A

1 inch below the ileocaecal valve (where the ileum joins the caecum)

50
Q

Where does the absorption of water take place?

A

In the colon

51
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Caecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
52
Q

What characterises the large intestine?

A

1) Appendagitis epiploica (fatty tage)
2) Taenia coli (2 bands of longitudinal muscle)
3) Haustrations - caused by the contraction of the taenia coli

53
Q

What lies posteriorly to the right lobe of the liver? (in order)

A

Hepatic flexure of the colon
Duodenum

Right kidney and adrenal gland
Diaphragm
Ribs

54
Q

What lies posteriorly to the stomach? (in order)

A 
Transverse colon
Pancreas 
Superior mesenteric vessels and splenic artery
Part of duodenum and jejunum 
SPLEEN (far laterally)

Left kidney and adrenal gland
Diaphragm
Ribs

55
Q

What is the relation with the spleen and the kidney/adrenal gland?

A

The adrenal gland is medial and slightly posterior to the spleen

56
Q

What is the anterior relation of the spleen?

57
Q

What are the posterior relations to the spleen?

A

Left lung

Ribs

58
Q

What is inferior to the spleen?

A

Splenic flexure of the colon

59
Q

What are the ANTERIOR relations to the left kidney?

A 
Stomach 
Pancreas
Duodenum 
Spleen 
Splenic flexure
60
Q

What are the ANTERIOR relations of the stomach?

A

Left costal margin

Left lobe of the liver

61
Q

What are the relations to the pancreas?

A

Head: Sits in the C of the duodenum

Body:
Anterior - stomach
Posterior - Inferior vena cava, aorta, superior mesenteric vessels, left kidney and adrenal gland

Tail:
Medial to spleen

62
Q

What is the uncinate process of the spleen?

A

Hooks onto the superior mesenteric vessels as the travel from behind the spleen to in-front of the duodenum

63
Q

What is the better sphincter in the stomach?

A

The pyloric sphincter

64
Q

Which region does the stomach lie?

A

Left hypochondriac

65
Q

What does the rugae do in the stomach?

A

Form a channel which directs food to the pyloric sphincter - allows expansion

66
Q

What is the oblique layer of the stomach?

A

An extra layer of muscle compared to the small intestine

67
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters blood as part of the immune system

Recycles RBC

Stores platelets

68
Q

What are the relations of the common bile duct?

A

Anteriorly: pancreas, duodenum, stomach

Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava

69
Q

Which region does the spleen lie?

A

Left hypochondriac

70
Q

What is macrostructure of the liver?

A 
4 lobes:
Right
Left
Quadrate 
Caudate

Covered by Glistens capsule

71
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

Hilum of the liver containing:

  • Hepatic artery propper
  • PORTAL vein
  • Common HEPATIC duct
72
Q

What does the porta hepatis seperate?

A

The caudate and quadrate lobes

73
Q

What is the difference between the PORTAL vein and the hepatic vein?

A

The portal vein lies in the porta hepatis and brings 75% of blood to the liver from the:
- Spleen
- Gall bladder and ducts
- Pancreas
- GI tract
Blood is nutrient rich and is partially deoxygenated

The HEPATIC vein:
- Drains blood from the central vein in the liver and drains directly into the vena cava to the heart

  • Is deoxygenated
74
Q

Where does the portal vein bring blood from?

A

Spleen
GI tract
Pancreas
Gall bladder and ducts

75
Q

What are sinosoids?

A

Channels in the liver which take blood from the triads to the central vein in a lobule

76
Q

What is the microstructure of the liver?

A

Lobules which are hexagonal in shape and have a central vein - which drains into the hepatic vein and then the inferior vena cava

At the periphery of the lobules, there are portal triads

77
Q

What is contained in the portal triads of the lobules in the liver and where are they branches from?

A

1) Arteriole - branch from the hepatic artery
2) Venule - branch from the portal vein
3) Bile duct

78
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Liver cells which make bile

79
Q

In the liver, where does the bile travel?

A

1) From the hepatocytes to the bile duct in the portal triad
2) To the right and left hepatic ducts

3) To the common hepatic duct
4) Joined by the cystic duct - to make the common bile duct
5) Joined by the MAIN pancreatic duct - to form the ampulla of vater
6) Drains into the 2nd part of the duodenum through the duodenal papilla

80
Q

What is the duodenal papilla guarded by?

A

The sphincter of Oddi

81
Q

What are the roles of the liver?

A

1) Make bile

2) Filter/detoxify blood

82
Q

What is the coronary ligament of the liver?

A

Ligament of the liver which attached it to the diaphragm

83
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

The portion of the liver which is in direct contact with the diaphragm - surrounded by coronary ligament

84
Q

What are the triangular ligament of the liver?

A

Where the anterior and posterior coronary ligaments come together

85
Q

What is the falciform ligament of the liver?

A

Ligament which separates the right and left lobes of the liver and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

86
Q

What does the falciform ligament contain in its free edge and what is this?

A

The round ligament (ligamentum teres)

- A remnant of the umbilical vein

87
Q

What does the umbilical vein do in the foetus?

A

Takes OXYGENATED blood from the placenta to the feotus

88
Q

Where can the round ligament be seen from?

A

The anterior and posterior or the liver

89
Q

What is the ligamentum venousum of the liver?

A

Remnant of the foetal ductus venosus

90
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus in the feotus?

A

Shunt OXYGENATED blood from the left umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to BYPASS the liver

91
Q

Where can the ligamentum venosum be seen from?

What does it separate?

A

The posterior of the liver - Separates the left lobe from the other lobes

92
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secrete 1% endocrine (hormones)

Secrete 99% exocrine (digestive enzymes - into the duct)

93
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

Where do they empty?

A

Renal veins - empty directly into the inferior vena cava

94
Q

In the abdomen, where does the inferior vena cava lie in relation to the abdominal aorta?

A

Slightly behind and to the right

95
Q

Where are the supra renal glands positioned and what do they do?

A

Above the kidneys, medially

Secrete CATACHOLAMINES into the blood

96
Q

What is the macrostructure of the kidney?

A

1) Capsule
2) Cortex
3) Medulla - divided into pyramids and contain medullary rays

4) Minor calyx - at the bottom of the renal pyramids

5) Major calyx
6) Renal pelvis
7) Ureter
8) Hilum

97
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

Where the ureter leaves

98
Q

Where does blood enter the glomerulus from?

A

The afferent arteriole

99
Q

What part of the kidnet microstructure is contained in the medulla?

A

Loop of henle and collecting duct

100
Q

What are the sections of the stomach?

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Antrum

Pylorus

BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy (13 decks)

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