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Anatomy Spring semester > The urinary system and Renal physiology (chapter 25) > Flashcards

The urinary system and Renal physiology (chapter 25) Flashcards

1
Q

how much fluid filtered from blood by kidneys every single day?

A

200 liters

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2
Q

Maintaning the composition of the body’s extracellular fluids by filtering the blood. This involves
* regulating total body water volume and concentration of solutes in water
* regulate concentration of ions in ECF
* acid-base balance
* remove toxins, metabolic wastes and foreign substances
* hormone production -EPO(RBCs) and Renin(blood pressure)

A

kidneys

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3
Q

true or flase:
Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs

A

True

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4
Q

ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and renal nerve supply enter here

A

renal hilum

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5
Q

sits immediatley superior to each kidney

A

adrenal gland

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6
Q
  • dense connective tissue
  • anchors kidneys to surrondings structures, prevents spread of infection
A

renal fascia

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7
Q
  • fat mass surrounding kidneys
  • cushions kidneys from physical trauma, layer of adipose tissue that surrounds each of the kidneys. Kidneys are vulnerable to physical trauma since they are not near bone so adipose tissue helps in absorbing shock
A

perirenal fat capsule

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8
Q
  • thin, transparent capsule
  • prevents disease from spreading to kidneys from other parts of body
A

Fibrous capsule

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9
Q
  • provides area for glomerular capillaries and blood vessel passage, EPO produced here
  • glomerular capillaries are responsible for filtrate which is the first step in urine formation
  • EPO stimulates rbc production
A

Renal cortex

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10
Q
  • contains renal pyramids–> packed with capillaries and urine collecting tubules
  • seven renal pyramids separated by renal columns
  • renal pyramids + surrounding columns=kidney lobe
A

Renal Medulla

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11
Q
  • open space in center of each kindey
  • Branches to form Major/Minor calyces
A

Renal pelvis

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12
Q
  • urine collection from renal medulla
  • pathway to get urine from renal pyramid out of kidneys towards the bladder
A

Major/Minor calyces

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13
Q
  • deliver to kidneys, divde into smaller blood vessels to serve major regions of kidneys
A

renal arteries

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14
Q

deliver blood to higher and lower secretions of kidneys

A

segmental arteries

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15
Q

travel between kidney lobes

A

interlobar arteries

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16
Q

arch over bases of pyramids

A

arcuate arteries

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17
Q

supply cortical tissue

A

cortical radiate arteries

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18
Q

True or false
veins trace arterial supply but in reverse

A

true

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19
Q

autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia

A

renal plexus

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20
Q

has control over blood vessels

A

sympathetic division

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21
Q

adjusts diameter of renal arterioles to adjust blood flow to glomeruli

A

sympathetic vasomotor fibers

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22
Q
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • responsible for forming filtrate and eventually urine in the kidneys
A

Nephron

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23
Q

each nephron contains a

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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24
Q
  • filters blood to form filtrate
  • located in the renal cortex
A

renal corpuscle

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25
Q

reabsorbs what is needed for the body from the filtrate and secretes more substances into the filtrate

A

renal tubule

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26
Q

cluster of blood vessels

A

glomerulus

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27
Q

blood enters glomerules via…..and leaves via…..

A
  • afferent arterioles
  • efferent arterioles
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28
Q

True or false
capillaries are very porous

A

true

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29
Q

double layered structure that completely surronds glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular capsule

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30
Q

The glomerular capsule inner layer has 2 structures

A

Podocytes and foot processes
(There is not a lot of open space between processes it prevent large size substances from entering the filtrate)

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31
Q

begins in the renal cortex and extends into renal meduall, then returns to renal cortex
-the hairpain structure helps increase surface area which is more affective

A

renal tubules and collecting ducts

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32
Q
  • leads immediatley off from glomerulus
  • located in renal cortex
  • large cuboidal epithelia cells with dense microvilli
  • microvilli increases absorption and secretion
A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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33
Q
  • travels between renal cortex and renal medulla
  • allows the kidney to vary the concentration of urine according to how much water is reabsorbed
A

nephron loop

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34
Q
  • portions continuous with PCT
  • high permeability to H20, low permeability to solutes
  • water can cross wall of descending limb but solutes cannot
A

descending limb

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35
Q
  • continuous with DCT
  • high permeability to solutes, low permeability to H2O
  • solutes can cross wall of ascending limb, but water cannot
A

Ascending limb

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36
Q
  • located in cortex, composed of small cuboidal epithelia
  • smaller diamter than PCT, contain no microvilli
A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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37
Q
  • pass through cortex and medulla
  • waste goes through
  • receives filtrate from tubules of multiple nephrons
A

collecting ducts (collecting ducts fuse together, dump urine into minor calyces)

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38
Q

2 important cell types in collecting duct

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

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39
Q
  • maintain Na+ balance in body
  • influence absorption of water
A

Principal cells

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40
Q

Helps maintain acid-base balance

A

Intercalated cells

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41
Q
  • located almost entirely in the cortex
  • small portion of nephron loop found in renal medulla
A

Cortical Nephrons

42
Q
  • Nephron loops deeply invade renal medulla
  • have a longer nephron loop so its more useful to form highly concentration urine
  • better ar reabsorbing water
A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

43
Q
  • maintains high pressure to increase filtrate production
  • Fed and drain by arterioles to keep high pressure
A

Glomerulus

44
Q
  • low pressure capillaries arising from efferent arteriole (want low pressure since it allows as much reabsorption as possible)
  • cling to proximal and distal tubules of cortical nephrons (reabsorbs water and solutes from tubule cells)
  • empty in venules–> filtered blood returns to circulation
A

Peritubular capillaries

45
Q
  • found only on juxtamedullary nephrons
  • run parallel to long nephron loop
  • forms more concentrated urine
A

vasa recta
(The more the vasa recta reabsorbs water from nephron loop= the more concentration the urine/filtrate will be)

46
Q
  • portion of nephron where distal ascending limb lies against arterioles
  • regulate blood pressure and filtration rate of the glomerulus
A

Juxtaglomerular complex

47
Q
  • chemoreceptor cells
  • monitor NaCl content of filtrate entering distal convoluted tubule
A

macula densa

48
Q
  • specialized smooth muscle cells
  • found in arteriolar walls of afferent arteriole
  • can sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole
  • have baroreceptors
  • secrete renin
A

granular cells

49
Q

low NaCl concentration…

A

increases renin release

50
Q
  • packed between tubule and arterioles
A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

51
Q

allows passage of water, small solutes into glomerular capsule

A

Filtration membrane

52
Q

pores in capillary walls allow all but large proteins and cells to pass through (allows fluid to squeeze through, but pores are small enough to not let large proteins in)

A

fenestrated endothelium of capillaries

53
Q

negatively charged layer that allows only passage of small molecules and electrically repels other macromolecular anions

A

basement membrane

54
Q
  • foot processes create filtration slits
  • slits prevent passage of macromolecules/large sized materials into filtrate
A

Foot processes of podocytes

55
Q

pressure that force fluid into or out of glomerulus

A

filtration pressure

56
Q
  • promotes filtrate formation
  • fluid moves from capillary into glomerular capsule
A

outward pressure

57
Q

blood pressure of the glomerular capillaries that forces fluid into the surrounding space

A

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

58
Q
  • oppose filtrate formation
  • fluid moves from glomerular capsule and into glomerular capillary
A

inward pressure

59
Q

pressure exerted by filtrate that is already in the glomerular capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure in capsular space

60
Q
  • proteins that are still in capillaries will “pull” water back in
  • always have a net pressure on 10 mmHg
A

Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

61
Q

the total volume of filtrate formed per minute for all nephrons in the kidney-125 mm filtrate per minute

A

Glomerular Filtration rate

62
Q

Increase of decrease the 10 mm HG then you either forming more or less filtrate

A

Net filtration pressure

63
Q

adjust surface area of capillaries
-contraction will cause less surface area–>decreasn filtration formation

A

Glomerular mesangial cells

64
Q

kidneys adjust resistance to blood flow

A

renal autoregulation

65
Q

smooth muslce contracts when stetched

A

Myogenic mechanism

66
Q

controlled by Macula densa of juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

A

Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism

67
Q

The sympathetic nervous system will override renal autoregulation

A

Neural Mechanisms (extrinsic)

68
Q
  • overall affect is to increase blood pressure
  • granular cells of JGC stimulated to release renin
A

renin Angiotensin Aldosterone mechanism (hormonal Mechanism)

69
Q

substances move in between kidney tubule cells

A

paracellular

70
Q

substances move through kidney tubule cells

A

transcellular

71
Q

collecting ducts have no aquaporins until…. is present

A

ADH (antiduretic hormone)

72
Q

Any pathway using a transport potein has a

A

transport maximum (Tm)

73
Q
  • inhibits urine formation by increasing water reabsorption to blood
  • directly proportional to number of aquaporins inserted
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

74
Q
  • promotes Na+ reabsorption by principal cells of collecting ducts
A

Aldosterone

75
Q

inhibits Na+ reabsorption in collecting ducts

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

76
Q

Increase reabsorption of calcium in the DCT

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

77
Q
  • selectively moving substances from the blood and back in the filtrate
  • main site is PCT
A

secretion

78
Q

the normal solute concentration of body fluids and ICF is…

A

300 Mosm

79
Q

movement of fluids in the opposite direction through the nephron loop allows exchange of material

A

countercurrent exchange mechanism

80
Q
  • occurs in ascending and descending limb of juxtamedullary nephron loops
  • movement of solutes and water out of nephron loop allows for formation of concentrated urine
A

countercurrent multiplier

81
Q
  • flow of blood through the ascending and decending limb of the vasa recta
  • vasa recta reabsorbs water to maintain gradient of multiplier
A

countercurrent exchange

82
Q
  • countercurrent exchange mechanism establishes a …..
  • kidneys can vary urine concentration
A

Meduallary Osmotic Gradient

83
Q
  • GFR of <60 ml/min for 3+ months
  • filtrate formation decreases–> wastes build up, blood pH decreases
  • caused by: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pyelonephritis, physical trauma
A

Chronic renal disease

84
Q
  • “urine in the blood” (nausea,muslce cramps, mental changes, fatigue etc)
A

uremia

85
Q

patients blood passed through selectively permeable membrane tubing

A

Hemodialysis

86
Q

color of urine comes from presence of…

A

urochrome

87
Q

the ratio of mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled H20

A

Specific gravity

88
Q

Tubes that allow urine to pass from the kidneys to be stored in the bladder

A

Ureters

89
Q

what are the 3 layers of the ureter?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia
90
Q
  • Build up calcium, magnesium salts and uric acid in kidneys
  • severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, cloudy/foul-smelling urine
A

Renal Calculi (Kidney stone)

91
Q

Stones can remain lodged in the renal pelvis

A

Nephrolithiasis

92
Q

Stones can become lodged in the ureter

A

Ureterolithiasis

93
Q
  • found in abdominopelvic area
  • stores urine temporarily
  • …. has three openings
A
  • Bladder
  • Trigone
94
Q

Human bladder normally holds up to…

A

400-500 ml of urine

95
Q

critical capacity of urine

A

1000ml urine

96
Q
  • Extends from bladder, leads out of body
A

urethra

97
Q
  • thickening of detrusor muslce
  • closes urethra when urine is not being passed
A

Internal urethral sphincter

98
Q
  • closes urethra when urine is not being passes
A

internal urethral sphincter

99
Q

….also helps close off urethra (contracts with more force when your legs are closer tg)

A

Levator ani muscle

100
Q

the act of empyting the bladder

A

micturition

101
Q

Control of micturition:
pons has

A

Potine micturition center and Pontine Storage center

102
Q
  • Anything that enhances urine output
A

Diuretics

Anatomy Spring semester (10 decks)

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