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Anatomy Spring semester > Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance (chapter 26) > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance (chapter 26) Flashcards

1
Q

66 % of total body water found here

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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2
Q

33 % of remaining body water found here

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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3
Q

What are the 2 sub compartments of ECF?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Interstitial fluid (IF)
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4
Q
  • Anything that dissociate into ions in water
  • (+) or (-) charge
  • most abundant solutes
  • more responsible for fluid shifts/movement of water
  • ex: inorganic salts, acids and bases, some proteins, Nacl
A

Electrolytes

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5
Q
  • Do not dissociate in water
  • No charge
  • Make up the bulk of the body fluids (most of mass since they don’t dissociate)
  • Ex: glucose, Urea, lipids, etc
A

Non-electrolytes

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6
Q

Optimal body water content depends on

A
  1. Age: infants and children have more water
  2. Sex: men have higher body water content than women
  3. Body fat %: fat is the least hydrated of all body tissues
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7
Q

Lungs, skin

A

Insensible water loss

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8
Q

Sweat, urine, feces

A

Sensible water loss

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9
Q
  • Controls the thirst mechanism which is activated by Osmoreceptors, dry moth and decreasing blood volume/pressure
A

Hypothalamic thirst center

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10
Q

the body will always lose water, even if we never drink water

A

Obligatory water loss

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11
Q

Detect changing ECF osmolarity

A

Osmoreceptors

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12
Q
  • decrease in ADH produced by hypothalamus or released by posterior pituitary (beginning of the brain)
  • symptoms: polyuria, dilute urine, fatigue, dehydration
A

Central diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

ADH is produced and released in normal amounts, but the kidneys are unresponsive to it

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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14
Q

influence water movement in body, essential for excitability, membrane permeability

A

Electrolyte balance

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15
Q

NaHCO3 and NaCl account for ….. of total ECF solute

A

280 mOsm

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16
Q

release causes increased reabsorption of Na+ in DCT and collecting ducts

A

aldosterone

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17
Q

release causes decreased reabsorption of Na+

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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18
Q
  • estrogen exerts similar effect as aldosterone
  • progesterone is slighlty diuretic
  • more sodium being absorbe causes water to be absorbed too
A

sex hormones

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19
Q
  • In high plasma levels, exerts very strong aldosterone like effects
  • can contribute substantially to edema
  • stress response hormone
A

glucocorticoids

20
Q
  • Na+ serum value is > 145 mEq/l
  • caused by dehydration,exccessive intravenous NaCl administration
A

Hypernatremia

21
Q

Na+ serum value is <135 mEq/L

A

hyponatremia

22
Q

potassium secretion depends on

A

plasma concentration and aldosterone

23
Q

optimal pH of arterial blood is

A

7.4

24
Q

pH of 7.45 or higher

A

alkalosis

25
Q

pH 7.35 or lower

A

physiological acidosis

25
Q

one or more compounds that resist changes in pH when strong acids or bases are introduced

A

Chemical buffer system

25
Q
  • important for ECF
  • Mixture of carbonic acid (weak acid) and bicarbonate salt (weak base)
  • Bicarbonate salt ties up free H+ from a strong acidconverted to carbonic acid
A

BiCarbonate buffer system

26
Q

important for ICF and urine

A

Phosphate buffer system

27
Q

Important in ICF and blood plasma

A

Protein buffer system

28
Q
  • important for long term acid base balance
A

renal regulation

29
Q

H2CO3 in tubule cells broken down into H+ and HC03-
Where does each go?

A
  • H+ secreted into filtrate
  • HCO3- generated in tubule cell is pumped into peritubular capillary
30
Q

generate new bicarbonate ions to be pumped into plasma

A

PCT and type A intercalated cells

31
Q

in collecting ducts can secrete bicarbonate ions while reclaiming H+ from filtrate

A

Type B intercalated cells

32
Q

PCO2 > 45 mmHg
Respiration is shallow/slow (hypoventilation) (not taking as many breathes and not breathing deeply)
CO2 can’t be exposed of (trapped in body)
Caused by: many respiratory diseases/conditions
CO2 is too high, above 45 mm Hg – this much CO2 will cause the blood to be too acidic

A

respiratory acidosis

33
Q

PCO2 < 35 mm Hg
Respiration is deep/fast (hyperventilation) –too many breathes per minute and breaths are too deep, so they are getting rid of too much CO2 that they need
Caused by: stress/anxiety, pain
Too little CO2 in blood, pH will become high or too basic

A

respiratory alkalosis

34
Q

any acid base imbalce that does not involve CO2

A

metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

35
Q

Low bicarbonate levels
Common causes: excessive alcohol intake, long-term diarrhea
pH is low

A

metabolic acidosis

36
Q

High bicarbonate levels
Common causes: excessive vomiting, excessive base intake
Takes tums or pepto—> can shift the person to metabolic alkalosis

A

metabolic alkalosis

37
Q

Blood pH below 6.8

A

CNS depression
coma and death

38
Q

Blood pH above 7.8

A

overstimulated CNS
muscle tetany

39
Q

Changes in respiratory rate & depth evident when lungs must compensate for metabolic imbalances

A

Respiratory compensation (not fixing the problem but is trying to balance)

40
Q

Kidneys can compensate for acid-base imbalances of respiratory origins

A

renal compensation

41
Q

For renal compensation of respiratory acidosis, the kidneys will…

A

kidneys conserve more bicarbonate ions, the more blood pH will increase back to normal level

42
Q

For renal compensation of respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys will…

A

kidneys either secrete more bicarbonate ions or simply do not reabsorb it–shift pH back down so it becomes more acidic

43
Q

For respiratory compensation
1. metabolic acidosis the lungs will…
2. Metabolic alkalosis the lungs will….

A
  1. respiratory rate + depth increase
    This blows off excess CO2 to increase blood pH again (balancing out the low bicarbonate level)
  2. respiratory rate + depth decrease
    Conserves CO2 to decrease blood pH to desirable level

Anatomy Spring semester (10 decks)

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