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Anatomy Spring semester > The immune system (chapter 21) > Flashcards

The immune system (chapter 21) Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of the body to defend itself against “unfamiliar” microorganiams

A

immunity

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2
Q

Physically prevent pathogens from entering body

A

surface barriers

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3
Q

tought fibrous protein resistant to weak acids, weak bases, bacterial enzymes

A

keratin

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4
Q

sweat and sebum on skin surface are slightly acidic

A

acid mantle

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5
Q

line all body cavities that open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts)

A

Mucous membranes

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6
Q

traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts

A

mucus

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7
Q

traps microorganisms in nasal cavity

A

nasal hairs

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8
Q

takes mucus (with trapped microorganisms) and propels it away from nasal cavity and respiratory tract (bath and forth rapidly)

A

cilia

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9
Q

stomach: secretes very acidic gastric juices
Vagina: acidic nature prevents bacterial and fungal growth in reproducitve tract

A

Acid mantle

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10
Q
  • cleanses eyes and mouth
  • contains lysozymes to destroy bacteria
A

tears and saliva

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11
Q

acidic in nature, physically removes bacteria during urination

A

urine

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12
Q

used when surface barriers are breached

A

cellular and chemical defenses

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13
Q
  • proteins found on cells of the innate immune sysytem
  • recognize potentially harmful substances by presence of a molecule with a certain shape found on pathogen, but NOT normal human cells
A

patter recognition receptors

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14
Q
  • target cancerous cells and virus infected cells
  • non specific
A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

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15
Q

natural killer cells release perforin. What is perforin?

A

creates pores in the membrane of cell

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16
Q

process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogenic cells of substances

A

Phagocytosis

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17
Q

capable of traveling through tissue to search for pathogens

A

Free macrophage

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18
Q

Permanent location in tissue of a particular organ

A

fixed macrophages

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19
Q

substance that binds to pathogen surface which allows the phagocytes to recognize an bind pathogen easily

A

opsonins

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20
Q

nonspecific localized response to tissue injury

A

inflammation

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21
Q
  • released by basophils
  • effect: vasodilation, increase permeability of local capillaries
A

histamine

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22
Q
  • derived from plasma protein kininogen
  • effect: vasodilation, attracts other leukocytes, induces pain
A

Kinins

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23
Q
  • generated by neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, etc
  • Vasodilation, neutrophil chemotaxis, induces pain
A

prostaglandins

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24
Q

increase number of white blood cells in the blood

A

leukocytosis

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25
Q
  • released by injured/damaged cells
  • cause WBCs to migrate to blood
A

Leukocytosis-inducing factor

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26
Q

phagocytosis cling to inside of endothelial wall of capillaries at the injury site

A

margination

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27
Q

cells clinging to wall will squeeze between cells of endothelial wall

A

Diapedesis

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28
Q

inflammatory chemicals are chemotactic agents

A

chemotaxis

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29
Q

protein that can attack microorganisms directly or interfere with their reproduction (work independently of cells)

A

Antimicrobial proteins

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30
Q

released by cells infected by a virus to protect surrounding noninfected cells

A

interferons

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31
Q
  • group of 20 plasma proteins synthesized by the liver
  • normally inactive in blood (if healthy)
  • stimulates vasodilation, pain perception, stronger response
A

Complement

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32
Q
  • body wide systemic response to pathogens
  • characteristics abnormally high body temperature
  • leukocytes and macrophages release pyrogens
A

Fever

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33
Q
  • defense system that is more specific than innate defenses
  • slower response
  • cells must be exposed to an antigen before they can react
A

Adaptive defense

34
Q
  • anitbodies present in body fluids
  • circulate freely after release, mark and temporailty inactive target cells for descruction
  • B Cells
A

Humoral immunity

35
Q
  • when lymphocytes directly defend the body
  • cells can either directly kill target cells or release chemicals that increase inflammatory response and active macrophages
A

Cellular immunity

36
Q

any substance that can mobilize the adaptive defense system

36
Q
  • nearly any foreign molecule can act as a ……..: proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
  • can react with activated lymphocytes and anitbodies
  • immunigenic
A

complete anitgens

36
Q

can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and generate an immune response

A

immunogenic

37
Q
  • Can only generate immune response when they are attached to a protein carrier
  • ex: poison ivy, pet dander, detergents
A

Hapten (“incomplete”) antigen

38
Q

to begin immune response, lymphocytes and antibodies must bind to …….. on the antigen surface

A

Antigenic determinants

39
Q
  • antigens that belong to your own body
  • this is on an individual basis
A

self antigens

40
Q
  • class of glycoprotein found on the surface of our cells
  • hold an anitgen
A

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

41
Q
  • B cells (Bone marrow) and T cells (thymus)
  • must mature before they can launch an immune response
A

Lymphocytes

42
Q
  • lymphocytes must be able to recognize a single antigen to act against
  • individual lymphocytes form a specific receptor that binds to specific anitgen
A

immunocompetence

43
Q

lymphocytes must be able to recognize self vs non self (prevents lymphocytes from reacting with a self cell, or launching a immune response to our own antigen)

A

Self tolerance

44
Q

active cells that fight off the pathogen during the infection period, they are more short lived, and die off during the process of defending the body

A

effector cells

44
Q

stick around longer or even a lifetime, allowing the adaptive defenses to remember pathogens that we have already, more quickly and efficiently fight them off the second time if we are exposed

A

Memory cells

45
Q
  • cells that engulf an antigen and display some of its fragments
  • makes it easier for the T cells to recognize the non self anitgen
A

Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs)

46
Q
  • transport antigens back to lymphoid organ and display it to local lymphocytes
  • faster response and ONLY function
A

Dendritic cells

47
Q

present anitgens to T cells to maintain T cell activation—> immune response can continue

A

Macrophages

48
Q

present antigens to helper T cells to be activated

A

B Lymphocytes

49
Q

B cells are activated by binding of an antigen to mutliple receptors on B cell surface

A

primary reponse

50
Q
  • cells that produce and secrete antibodies
  • antibodies bind to the same shape of anitgen and mark it for destruction
A

Plasma cells

51
Q

“remember” previous antigen encounters

A

Memory B cells

52
Q

B cells encounter anitgens directly, produce plasma cells and secrete antibodies to act against them

A

active humoral immunity

53
Q

bacterial or viral infection occurs in the body

A

naturally acquired (active humoral immunity)

54
Q

use of vaccines

A

artifically acquired (active humoral immunity)

55
Q
  • antibodies are supplied to the body, rather than produced by it
  • B cells are not introduce to antigen, memory cells are not produced
  • protection from the pathogen ends when the antibody supply is cut off
A

Passive humoral Immunity

56
Q
  • antibodies passed from mother to fetus/infant
  • placenta or breast milk
  • protection ends when birth occurs or breastfeeding ends
A

Natural (passive humoral immunity)

57
Q
  • antibodies supplied by an “immune donor”
  • protects from antigens that can kill a person before body can produce antibodies
A

Artifiical (passive humoral immunity)

58
Q
  • another word for antibodies
  • Each antibody molecule is essentially identical to the antigen receptor of the B cell that produced it
A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

59
Q
  • first class that is secreted by plasma cels during a Primary response
  • Largest antibodies and produced moslty in spleen
59
Q
  • found in body secretion (sweat, salive, etc)
  • prevents pathogens to attaching to epithelial surfaces –> skin and mucous membranes
60
Q
  • functions as B cells antigen receptors, found on the surface of B lymphocytes
61
Q
  • most abundant antibody
  • main antibody of primary and secondary response
  • supply to fetus by parents
62
Q

release histamine- mediates inflammation and allergic reaction

63
Q

antibody blocks specific sites on virus or bacteria–> virus/bacteria can no longer bind to receptors on tissue cells

A

neutralization

64
Q
  • antibody can have multiple antigen binding sites- can bind multiple anitgens
  • anitgens are clumped together
A

Agglutination

65
Q
  • soluble molecules are clumped together and settle out of solution
A

precipitation

66
Q
  • multiple antibodies binding closely to same cell
  • antigen lysis
A

complement activation

67
Q

directly attacks cancerous cells, virus infected cells and “foreign” transplant cells

A

T lymphocytes

68
Q
  • help with humoral immunity and mediate immune response
  • activates B cells
  • stimulates production of destructive T cells
  • attract more white blood cells to area
A

helper T cells (Th)

69
Q
  • directly kill cells
  • release perforin and granzyme which triggers apoptosis
A

cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

70
Q
  • dampen immune response which prevents them from spiraling out of control
  • used for organ transplants and autoimmune conditions
A

regulatory T cells (Treg)

71
Q

any condition that impairs the production or function of immune cells or molecules

A

immunodeficiencies

72
Q
  • genetic defects that result in markedly reduced lymphocyte production (no protection from pathogen)
  • congenital (from birth)
  • infants with this condition have no protection, minor infections are often life threatening
A

severe combine immunodeficieny syndrome (SCID)

73
Q
  • a disease that interferes with Th cells activity
  • caused by HIV
A

acquired immune defiency syndrome (AIDS)

74
Q
  • passed from person to person via exchange of body fluids
  • use the enzyme reverse transciptase
  • infects inactive helper t cells with the virus so the person will lose all of thier immune functions
A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

75
Q
  • any disease in which the immune system cannot recognize “self” from “non-self”
  • Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Graves disease, type 1 diabetes
A

Autoimmune disorders

76
Q

auto antibodies and Tc cells destroy healthy body tissues

A

autoimmunity

Anatomy Spring semester (10 decks)

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