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Anatomy Spring semester > The reproductive system (chapter 27) > Flashcards

The reproductive system (chapter 27) Flashcards

1
Q

Sperm and ova

A

Gamete formation

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2
Q

sperm and egg must be brought togehter

A

copulation

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3
Q

combining genetic content of the sperm and egg

A

fertilization

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4
Q

development and birth of the fetus

A

Gestation and Parturition

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5
Q
  • nuclear division that occurs only in the gonads and results in the formation of gametes
  • produces genetic variability
  • reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes by one half
A

meiosis

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6
Q

Before meiosis begins, what happens?

A

Chromosomes in diploid parent cell replicate
(Sister chromatids)

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7
Q

In meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes synapse to form?

A

tetrads

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8
Q

Describe steps of meiosis 1

A
  1. Homologous chromosomes synapse to form tetrads
  2. crossing over occurs
  3. Tetrads align randomly on spindle plate
  4. homologous chromosomes separate, move to opposite poles
  5. cleavage occurs
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9
Q

what is the result of meiosis 1?

A

2 daughter cells that are haploid

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10
Q

Describe steps of meiosis 2

A
  1. Formation of new spindle
  2. chromosome line up at equator
  3. sister chromatids sperate and move to opposite poles
  4. cleavage occurs
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11
Q

what is the result of meiosis 2?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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12
Q

The interaction of hormones released which will help with the production of gametes

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitray gonadal axis (HPG)

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13
Q

releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) in response to GnRH

A

Anterior pituatary glnd

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15
Q

release sex hormones and produce gametes in response to LH and FSH

A

Gonads

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16
Q

Male gonads

A

testes

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17
Q

testes are enclosed and protected by

A

scrotum

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18
Q

allows testes to be 3 degrees lower than the internal body temperature

A

scrotum

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19
Q
  • wrinkles scrotal skin
  • contraction reduces surfce area of scrotum
  • increases temp of testes
A

dartos muscle

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20
Q
  • elevate the testes
  • contraction pulls testes closer to body
  • testes increase temp
A

cremaster muscle

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21
Q

supply each testis

A

testicular arteries

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22
Q

drain testes

A

testicular veins

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23
Q

increase sperm production

A

parasympathetic

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24
Q

decrease sperm production

A

Sympathetic

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25
Q

Nerve fibers, blood vessels, duct deferens and lymphatics form the

A

spermatic cord

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26
Q
  • found in each testis
  • location of sperm production
A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

immature sperm move through the…. to ……

A

rete testie to epididymis

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28
Q
  • stores immature sperm temporary
  • not capable of fertilizing an egg yet
A

epididymis

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29
Q

transport sperm out of epididymis during ejaculation

A

Ductus deferens

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30
Q

ductus deferens ends at

A

ampulla

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31
Q

ampulla ends at

A

Ejaculatory duct

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32
Q

the ejaculatory duct empties into

A

urethra

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33
Q

the ductus deferens can be cut or cauterized

A

vasectomy

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34
Q

terminal portion of male duct system

A

urethra

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35
Q

what are the three divisions of the urethra?

A
  1. prostatic urethra- surrounds prostate gland
  2. Intermediate part
  3. Spongy Urethra- runs through penis and opens to exterior of body
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36
Q
  • male copulatory organ
  • deliver sperm to female reproductive tract during copulation
A

penis

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37
Q

what are the parts of the penis?

A
  1. root
  2. body- ends in glans (glands surrounded by prepuce)
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38
Q

contains connective tissue, smooth muscle, vascular space

A

Erectile tissue

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39
Q

what are the two erectile bodies?

A
  1. corpus spongiosum- immediately surrounds urethra
  2. corpus cavernosa- paired structures that make up most of penile tissue
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40
Q
  • empty into ejaculatory duct
  • secretions produced here make up most of the total semen volume
  • Don’t play a role in sperm production
A

Seminal glands

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41
Q
  • Composed of 20-30 tubuloalveolar glands
  • produces citrate, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and substances that help active sperm
A

Prostate

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42
Q

what do citrate and Prostate-specific anigen (PSA) do?

A
  1. citrate- energy production and motility
  2. PSA- make it more liquid, easier to leave the male body
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43
Q
  • 1 in 6 men develop this
  • develops later in life
  • slow growth to higly aggressive
  • difficulty urinating, blood in urine, erectile dysfunction,etc
A

Prostate glands

44
Q
  • constricts prostatic urethra–>makes urination difficult and painful
  • prostate become larger than it should be
A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

45
Q

produces alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidic urine in urethra before ejaculation

A

Bulbourethral glands (doesn’t kill sperm)

46
Q

The combination of sperm with acessory gland secretions

A

semen

47
Q

what is the norma pH range of semen?

A

7.1-8

48
Q

what are the components of seminal secretions?

A
  1. Prostglandins - decrease viscosity of mucus in female cervix
  2. relaxin - sperm motility (swim more)
  3. fructose - ATP synthesis
  4. antibiotic components- destroy bacteria
  5. clotting factors - coagulate sperm after ejaculation
  6. other - prevent female reproducitve yssytem from killing sperm
49
Q

production of male gametes

A

spermatogenesis

50
Q

four cell types of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Sustenocytes
  2. spermatogenic cells
  3. Myoid cells
  4. Interstitial endocrine cells
51
Q
  • Surround, support and nourish developing sperm
  • joined by tight junctions
A

Sustenocytes

52
Q

sperm forming cells

A

spermatogenic cells

53
Q
  • smooth muscle like cells
  • contract to move immature sperm from seminiferos tubules and into epididymis
A

Myoid cells

54
Q

Secrete testosterone

A

interstitial endocrine cells

55
Q
  • Divide by mitosis
  • occurs in wall of tubule
A

spermatogonia

56
Q

sperm has 3 general areas

A
  1. head - acrosome
  2. midpiece
  3. tail
57
Q

HPG axis in male what do LH and FSH stimulate?

A
  1. LH stimulates interstitial endocrine cells of testes to secrete testosterone
  2. FSH stimulates sustenocytes to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
58
Q

When aroused the parasympathetic system stimulates release of …..

A

Nitric oxide

59
Q

propulsion of semen from the duct system

A

Ejaculation

60
Q

Female gonads

A

ovaries

61
Q

anchors ovary to uterus

A

ovarian ligament

62
Q

anchors ovary to pelvic wall

A

suspensory ligament

63
Q

encloses the ovarian ligaments and supports uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

A

Broad ligament

64
Q

Each ovary has an outer….. and inner…

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

65
Q

the ovaries produce and release a higher than normal amount of androgens

A

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

66
Q
  • receive ovulated oocyte from ovary and is site of fertilization
  • supported by mesosalpinx
A

uterine tubes

67
Q

what are the 3 areas of th uterine tubes?

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
68
Q

receives, retains and nourishes a ferilized egg

A

uterus

69
Q

what are the 3 regions of the uterus?

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. cervix
70
Q

outermost serous layer

A

perimetrium

71
Q

Contains bundles of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

72
Q
  • mucosa of the uterine cavity
  • Embryo implants in this layer
A

Endometrium

73
Q

2 subdivisions of the endometrium

A

Functional layer and the basal layer

74
Q
  • Layer that is shed during menstruation
  • lighter pink layer
A

Functional layer (stratum functionalis)

75
Q

forms new functional layer after shedding

A

Basal layer (stratum basalis)

76
Q

arcuate arteries enter myometrium and branch to form…

A

radial arteries

77
Q

radial arteries enter endometrium and branch into …

A

straight arteries and spiral arteries

78
Q

supply the basal layer

A

straight arteries

79
Q

supply the functional layer

A

spiral arteries

80
Q
  • female copulatory organ
  • provides passageway for mentrual flow or infant to leave body
A

Vagina

81
Q

vagina pH

A

3.8-5

82
Q

forms incomplete partition at distal vaginal orifice

A

Hymen

83
Q

external female genitalia composed of several structures

A

Vulva

84
Q

fatty tissue that overlies pubic symphysis

A

Mons pubis

85
Q

extend from mons pubis posteriorly

A

labia majora

86
Q

enclosed by labia majora

A

labia minora

87
Q

region containig openings to urethra and vagina

A

Vestibule

88
Q

release mucus to vestibule surface

A

Greater vestibular glands

89
Q

composed mostly of erectile tissue and nerve ending

A

clitoris

90
Q

engorge with blood during sexual stimulation

A

bulbs of vestibule

91
Q

the production of ova

A

oogenesis

92
Q

individual developing oocytes surrounded by cells and enclosed in basal lamina to form

A

ovarian follicle

93
Q
  • first class of follicle formed
  • contain single layer of cells surrounding a primary oocyte
A

Primordial follicle

94
Q
  • present throughout life until menopause
A

Primary follicle

95
Q

primary follicle contains single layer of ……. surrounding primary oocyte

A

Granulosa cells

96
Q

Oocyte secretes glycoprotein rich substance to form a transparent extracellualr layer

A

Zona pellucida

97
Q
  • present throughout life until menopause
  • contain multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
A

Secondary follicle

98
Q
  • present from puberty until menopause
  • contains secondary oocyte
A

Vesicular follicle

99
Q

monthly series of events at the ovary that leads to maturation of an ovum

A

The ovarian cycle

100
Q

Female HPG axis what do FSH and LH stimulates?

A
  1. FSH causes granulosa cells of follicles to release estrogens
  2. LH stimulates androgen release–> androgen converted to estrogens
101
Q

LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of

A

corpus luteum

102
Q
  • Many large vesicular follicles grow in ovaries
  • FSH “rescues” a single follicle
A

follicular phase

103
Q

rupture of ovary wall and release of secondary oocyte

A

Ovulation

104
Q
  • Occurs after ovulation
  • ruptured follicle collapses and remaining granulosa cells form corpus luteum
A

luteal phase

105
Q

Phase (Days 0-4): occurs during follicular phase
Uterus sheds most of the endometriumfunctional layer detaches in absence of hormones

A

menstrual phase

106
Q
  • (Days 5-14): occurs during follicular phase
  • Endometrium is rebuilt–>estrogen stimulates formation of new functional layer from basal layer
  • Cervical mucus becomes thinnerwill allow sperm through
  • Ends when ovulation occurs
A

Proliferative phase

107
Q
  • (Days 15-28): occurs during luteal phase
  • Endometrium prepares for implantation of fertilized egg
A

Secretory phase

Anatomy Spring semester (10 decks)

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