The reproductive system (chapter 27) Flashcards
1
Q
Sperm and ova
A
Gamete formation
2
Q
sperm and egg must be brought togehter
A
copulation
3
Q
combining genetic content of the sperm and egg
A
fertilization
4
Q
development and birth of the fetus
A
Gestation and Parturition
5
Q
- nuclear division that occurs only in the gonads and results in the formation of gametes
- produces genetic variability
- reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes by one half
A
meiosis
6
Q
Before meiosis begins, what happens?
A
Chromosomes in diploid parent cell replicate
(Sister chromatids)
7
Q
In meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes synapse to form?
A
tetrads
8
Q
Describe steps of meiosis 1
A
- Homologous chromosomes synapse to form tetrads
- crossing over occurs
- Tetrads align randomly on spindle plate
- homologous chromosomes separate, move to opposite poles
- cleavage occurs
9
Q
what is the result of meiosis 1?
A
2 daughter cells that are haploid
10
Q
Describe steps of meiosis 2
A
- Formation of new spindle
- chromosome line up at equator
- sister chromatids sperate and move to opposite poles
- cleavage occurs
11
Q
what is the result of meiosis 2?
A
4 haploid daughter cells
12
Q
The interaction of hormones released which will help with the production of gametes
A
Hypothalamic-Pituitray gonadal axis (HPG)
13
Q
releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
A
Hypothalamus
14
Q
Release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) in response to GnRH
A
Anterior pituatary glnd
15
Q
release sex hormones and produce gametes in response to LH and FSH
A
Gonads
16
Q
Male gonads
A
testes
17
Q
testes are enclosed and protected by
A
scrotum
18
Q
allows testes to be 3 degrees lower than the internal body temperature
A
scrotum
19
Q
- wrinkles scrotal skin
- contraction reduces surfce area of scrotum
- increases temp of testes
A
dartos muscle
20
Q
- elevate the testes
- contraction pulls testes closer to body
- testes increase temp
A
cremaster muscle
21
Q
supply each testis
A
testicular arteries
22
Q
drain testes
A
testicular veins
23
Q
increase sperm production
A
parasympathetic
24
Q
decrease sperm production
A
Sympathetic
25
Nerve fibers, blood vessels, duct deferens and lymphatics form the
spermatic cord
26
* found in each testis
* location of sperm production
seminiferous tubules
27
immature sperm move through the.... to ......
rete testie to epididymis
28
* stores immature sperm temporary
* not capable of fertilizing an egg yet
epididymis
29
transport sperm out of epididymis during ejaculation
Ductus deferens
30
ductus deferens ends at
ampulla
31
ampulla ends at
Ejaculatory duct
32
the ejaculatory duct empties into
urethra
33
the ductus deferens can be cut or cauterized
vasectomy
34
terminal portion of male duct system
urethra
35
what are the three divisions of the urethra?
1. prostatic urethra- surrounds prostate gland
2. Intermediate part
3. Spongy Urethra- runs through penis and opens to exterior of body
36
* **male copulatory organ**
* deliver sperm to female reproductive tract during copulation
penis
37
what are the parts of the penis?
1. root
2. body- ends in **glans** (glands surrounded by prepuce)
38
contains connective tissue, smooth muscle, vascular space
Erectile tissue
39
what are the two erectile bodies?
1. corpus spongiosum- immediately surrounds urethra
2. corpus cavernosa- paired structures that make up most of penile tissue
40
* empty into ejaculatory duct
* secretions produced here make up most of the total semen volume
* Don't play a role in sperm production
Seminal glands
41
* Composed of 20-30 tubuloalveolar glands
* produces citrate, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and substances that help active sperm
Prostate
42
what do citrate and Prostate-specific anigen (PSA) do?
1. citrate- energy production and motility
2. PSA- make it more liquid, easier to leave the male body
43
* 1 in 6 men develop this
* develops later in life
* slow growth to higly aggressive
* difficulty urinating, blood in urine, erectile dysfunction,etc
Prostate glands
44
* constricts prostatic urethra-->makes urination difficult and painful
* prostate become larger than it should be
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
45
produces alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidic urine in urethra before ejaculation
Bulbourethral glands (doesn't kill sperm)
46
The combination of sperm with acessory gland secretions
semen
47
what is the norma pH range of semen?
7.1-8
48
what are the components of seminal secretions?
1. Prostglandins - decrease viscosity of mucus in female cervix
2. relaxin - sperm motility (swim more)
3. fructose - ATP synthesis
4. antibiotic components- destroy bacteria
5. clotting factors - coagulate sperm after ejaculation
6. other - prevent female reproducitve yssytem from killing sperm
49
production of male gametes
spermatogenesis
50
four cell types of spermatogenesis?
1. Sustenocytes
2. spermatogenic cells
3. Myoid cells
4. Interstitial endocrine cells
51
* Surround, support and nourish developing sperm
* joined by tight junctions
Sustenocytes
52
sperm forming cells
spermatogenic cells
53
* smooth muscle like cells
* contract to move immature sperm from seminiferos tubules and into epididymis
Myoid cells
54
Secrete testosterone
interstitial endocrine cells
55
* Divide by mitosis
* occurs in wall of tubule
spermatogonia
56
sperm has 3 general areas
1. head - acrosome
2. midpiece
3. tail
57
HPG axis in male what do LH and FSH stimulate?
1. LH stimulates interstitial endocrine cells of testes to secrete testosterone
2. FSH stimulates sustenocytes to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
58
When aroused the parasympathetic system stimulates release of .....
Nitric oxide
59
propulsion of semen from the duct system
Ejaculation
60
Female gonads
ovaries
61
anchors ovary to uterus
ovarian ligament
62
anchors ovary to pelvic wall
suspensory ligament
63
encloses the ovarian ligaments and supports uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
Broad ligament
64
Each ovary has an outer..... and inner...
outer cortex and inner medulla
65
the ovaries produce and release a higher than normal amount of androgens
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
66
* receive ovulated oocyte from ovary and is site of fertilization
* supported by mesosalpinx
uterine tubes
67
what are the 3 areas of th uterine tubes?
1. Infundibulum
2. Ampulla
3. Isthmus
68
receives, retains and nourishes a ferilized egg
uterus
69
what are the 3 regions of the uterus?
1. fundus
2. body
3. cervix
70
outermost serous layer
perimetrium
71
Contains bundles of smooth muscle
myometrium
72
* mucosa of the uterine cavity
* Embryo implants in this layer
Endometrium
73
2 subdivisions of the endometrium
Functional layer and the basal layer
74
* Layer that is shed during menstruation
* lighter pink layer
Functional layer (stratum functionalis)
75
forms new functional layer after shedding
Basal layer (stratum basalis)
76
arcuate arteries enter myometrium and branch to form...
radial arteries
77
radial arteries enter endometrium and branch into ...
straight arteries and spiral arteries
78
supply the basal layer
straight arteries
79
supply the functional layer
spiral arteries
80
* female copulatory organ
* provides passageway for mentrual flow or infant to leave body
Vagina
81
vagina pH
3.8-5
82
forms incomplete partition at distal vaginal orifice
Hymen
83
external female genitalia composed of several structures
Vulva
84
fatty tissue that overlies pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
85
extend from mons pubis posteriorly
labia majora
86
enclosed by labia majora
labia minora
87
region containig openings to urethra and vagina
Vestibule
88
release mucus to vestibule surface
Greater vestibular glands
89
composed mostly of erectile tissue and nerve ending
clitoris
90
engorge with blood during sexual stimulation
bulbs of vestibule
91
the production of ova
oogenesis
92
individual developing oocytes surrounded by cells and enclosed in basal lamina to form
ovarian follicle
93
* first class of follicle formed
* contain single layer of cells surrounding a primary oocyte
Primordial follicle
94
* present throughout life until menopause
Primary follicle
95
primary follicle contains single layer of ....... surrounding primary oocyte
Granulosa cells
96
Oocyte secretes glycoprotein rich substance to form a transparent extracellualr layer
Zona pellucida
97
* present throughout life until menopause
* contain multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
Secondary follicle
98
* present from puberty until menopause
* contains secondary oocyte
Vesicular follicle
99
monthly series of events at the ovary that leads to maturation of an ovum
The ovarian cycle
100
Female HPG axis what do FSH and LH stimulates?
1. FSH causes granulosa cells of follicles to release estrogens
2. LH stimulates androgen release--> androgen converted to estrogens
101
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of
corpus luteum
102
* Many large vesicular follicles grow in ovaries
* FSH "rescues" a single follicle
follicular phase
103
rupture of ovary wall and release of secondary oocyte
Ovulation
104
* Occurs after ovulation
* ruptured follicle collapses and remaining granulosa cells form corpus luteum
luteal phase
105
Phase (Days 0-4): occurs during follicular phase
Uterus sheds most of the endometriumfunctional layer detaches in absence of hormones
menstrual phase
106
* (Days 5-14): occurs during follicular phase
* Endometrium is rebuilt-->estrogen stimulates formation of new functional layer from basal layer
* Cervical mucus becomes thinnerwill allow sperm through
* Ends when ovulation occurs
Proliferative phase
107
* (Days 15-28): occurs during luteal phase
* Endometrium prepares for implantation of fertilized egg
Secretory phase
