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anatomy spring semester > The respiratory system (Chapter 22) > Flashcards

The respiratory system (Chapter 22) Flashcards

1
Q
  • body tissues must be supplied with oxygen, CO2 waste must be disposed of
  • CO2 can interfere with reactions
A

Gas exchange

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2
Q

what are the four processes involved with gas exchange?

A

1. Pulmonary ventilation: breathing
2. External respiration: Gas exchange occurring in the lungs, O2 brought into lungs, CO2 brought out of the lungs
3. Transport of respiratory gases to/from tissues: not a function of lungs, function of cardiovascular system
4. Internal respiration: Gas exchange occurring in the tissues, deeper in body, remove oxygen from blood, pushes CO2 in blood to be transported for disposal

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3
Q

what are the two zones of the respiratory system

A

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

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4
Q
  • respiratory passages leading from nose to the respiratory bronchiole
  • transports air to/from the lungs
A

Conducting zone

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5
Q
  • actual site of gas exchange
  • found in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
A

respiratory zone

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6
Q
  • air is warmed and humidified as it passes thought this cavity (keeps a normal respiratory rate)
  • cavity is so large it allows air to be warmed and humidifed before it reaches the lungs. Cold dry air causes a decrease in respiratory rate and slows down breathing
A

Nasal cavity

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7
Q

What are the two cell types of nasal cavity (mucous membranes)?

A
  1. goblet cells- muscous producing cells
  2. seromucous nasal glands- “mucous” portion traps particles and debris, the “serous” portion secretes watery fluid containing lysozyme which destroy pathogens
  • There are nerve endings in membrane- invading debris triggers a sneezing reflex (sneezing removes debris, removes air)
  • Vascularization- capillaries and veins located superficially to help warm air as it passes through
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8
Q

what 3 regions do the pharynx contain?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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9
Q
  • contains pharyngeal tonsils and tubal tonsils
  • tonsils provide some immune defense
  • closes during swallowing by soft palate and uvula (prevents u from getting food to nasopharynx)
A

Nasopharynx

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10
Q
  • meets oral cavity at isthmus of the facues
  • contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
A

oropharynx

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11
Q
  • where respiratory and digestive passage splits
  • respiratory sits in front of digestive system
  • split enters the lower conducting zone
A

laryngopharynx

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12
Q

divides the laryngopharynx from the respiratory passages

A

lower conducting zone

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13
Q

cartilage flap that closes off lower conducting zone

A

epiglottis

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14
Q
  • composed of thryoid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
  • contains vocal cords for sound protection
  • Glottis: open passageway surrounded by vocal cords
  • vocal cords are ligaments composed of elastic fibers (fibers vibrate as we exhale to produce sound)
A

Larynx (voice box)

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15
Q
A
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16
Q
  • if chords are tense=
  • air passes across chords with greater force=
A
  • if chords are tense= higher pitch
  • air passes across chords with greater force= increase loudness
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17
Q

composed of elastic fibers and cartilage rings

A

trachea (windpipe)

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18
Q

smooth muscle tissue of trachea

A

trachealis

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19
Q

allow air to reach the respiratory zone

A

bronchi

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20
Q

bronchi bran 20-25 times, eventually form

A

bronchioles

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21
Q

smallest of the bronchioles in conducting zone are

A

terminal bronchioles

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22
Q
  • organ where extenal gas exchange occurs
  • composed of air space and elastic connective tissue
A

lungs

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23
Q

point at which the bronchi and any blood/nerve supply enter/leave the lung

A

hilum

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24
Q

pulmonary artery brings oxygen poor blood to lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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25
Q

immediately surrounds alveoli

A

pulmonary capillary network

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26
Q

bronchial arteries supply lung tissue with oxygenated systemic blood

A

bronchial circulation

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27
Q

nerve fibers enter lungs at

A

pulmonary plexus

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28
Q

parasympathetic causes the air tubes to become

A

narrow and constrict

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29
Q

sympathetic causes the air tubes to

A

dilate or become wider

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30
Q

thin, double layered serous membrane

A

Pleurae

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31
Q

covers thoracic wall and upper portion of diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

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32
Q

covers external lung feature

A

visceral pleura

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33
Q

fills cavity between visceral and parietal layers

A

pleural fluid

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34
Q

branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone

A

respiratory bronchioles

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35
Q

individual alveoli connected to “neighbors” via

A

alveolar pores

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36
Q
  • squamous epithelial cells
  • create walls of alveoli-where gas exchange occurs
A

Type 1 alveolar cells

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37
Q
  • cuboidal cells scattered among Type 1 Cells
  • secretes Surfactant-detergent like substance (every time you exchange air it leaves alveolar, if surfactant is not produced then the walls of alveolar will get stuck together and you can’t unattached them
  • secrete antimicrobial proteins-innate immunity
A

Type 2 alveolar cells

38
Q
  • Mobile cells
  • consume debris, pathogens-protect internal alveolar surfaces
A

alveolar macrophage

39
Q

the fow of air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

40
Q

the exchange of respiratory gases across the alveolar wall

A

gas exchange

41
Q
  • the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of it container
  • larger container=lower the pressure
  • smaller container=higher pressure
  • important for pulmonary ventilation
A

Boyle’s Law

42
Q
  • pressure in the alveoli
  • changes as you inhale or exhale
  • but-always equalizes Patm at some point
A

Intrapulmonary pressure

43
Q
  • during contraction, diaphragm flattens
  • During contraction, external intercostal muscles pull ribs up and outward
A

inspiration

44
Q
  • respiratory muscles relax and return to resting lenght
  • Elastic fibers of lungs recoil-lungs become smaller in size
A

expiration

45
Q

the amount of air that can be pushed into/out of lungs during ventilation

A

respiratory volume

46
Q
  • normal volume of air that moves into and out of lungs during normal breathing
  • in healthy individuals- 500ml air
A

Tidal volume (TV)

47
Q

1.

  • amount of air that can be inspired forcibly past the tidal volume
  • 2100-3000ml air
A

inspiratory reserve volume

48
Q
  • amount of air that can be forced from lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
  • 1000-1200ml air
A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

49
Q
  • amount of air left in the lungs after forced expiration
  • 1200ml air
  • The lungs are NEVER empty of air
A

Residual (reserve) volume

50
Q

the sum of two or more respiratory volumes

A

respiratory capacities

51
Q

total amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

52
Q

unable to expand, lungs cant expand to full extent so this usually results in a lost in elasticity in the lung tissue

A

Respiratory disorder

53
Q
  • healthy lung tissue is being destroyed somehow and being replaced with scar tissue
  • scar tissue is not elastic
A

Pulmonary fibrosis

54
Q

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

A

Functional residual capacity
FRC= RV + ERV

55
Q

total amount of exchangeable air

A

vital capacity

56
Q

the total amount of air the lungs can hold after a maximum inhalation

A

total lung capacity

57
Q

air that fills the conducting zone, but never contributes to gas exchange (nasal cavity, bronchi, trachea)

A

dead space

58
Q

anatomical dead space for healthy individuals is ….

A

150ml air

59
Q
  • air reaches the alveoli, but no gas exchange occurs
  • due to localized damage from mucus during illness, damage due to smoking
A

Alveolar dead space

60
Q

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

A

total dead space

61
Q

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted independenlty by each gas in the mixture

A

daltons law of partial pressure

62
Q

p-atm of N2,02,C02,H20
p-alevoli of O2 and co2

A

P-atm+ 760mmHG
* 78.6% N2—597 mmHg
* 20.9% O2— 159 mmHg
* 0.04%CO2— 0.3 mmHg
* 0.46% H2O—- 3.7 mmHg

P-alveoli=760mmHg
* 13.7%O2— 104 mmHg
* 5.2% CO2— 40 mmHg

63
Q

the pressure of each individual gas in the mixture is the….

A

partial pressure

64
Q
  • a gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
  • Gases dissolve in liquid best under high pressure, low temperature, and high solubility
A

Henry’s law

65
Q

gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli

A

external respiration

66
Q

if pCO2 levels are low, bronchioles constrict

A

pCO2 ventilation

67
Q

low pO2 - alveoli constrict
or
high pO2-alveoli dilate

A

pO2 perfusion (lungs)

68
Q

how is oxygen transported?

A
  • by Hb (4 O2 molecules per Hb molecules)
  • binding first O2 molecule faciliatates bonding of other 3
  • unloading first O2 molecule facilitates unloading of remaining 3
69
Q

arterial blood is….saturated
venous blood is….saturated

A

98%, 75%

70
Q

how is CO2 transported?

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. bound to Hb (does not bind to heme, binds to amino acid of globulin)
  3. as bicarbonate ions in plasma
71
Q
  • increase CO2 in blood, decrease pH
  • slow,shallow breathing
A

respiratory acidosis

72
Q
  • decrease in CO2 in blood, increase pH
  • rapid, deep breathing
A

respiratory alkalosis

73
Q

central nervous system controls

A

medulla and pons

74
Q

what are the two areas that set the normal respiratory rhythm

A
  1. ventral respiratory group
  2. dorsal respiratory group
75
Q

Some neurons in this group fire during inspiration, others fire during expirationbut they cannot fire at the same time!!

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG):

76
Q
  • modifies rhythm set by VRG
  • Integrates information from other structures (chemoreceptors, etc.), delivers it to VRG
A

Dorsal respiratory group

77
Q
  • interacts with medullary respiratory centers to “smooth” the respiratory pattern
  • Transition from inspiration to expiration (& vice versa)
  • Found in pons
  • balance inhalation and exhalation, prevents you from having a short inhalation and a long exhalation
  • You bring in as much air as you breath out
A

Pontine respiratory center (PRC):

78
Q

an increase in PCO2 levels in blood, pH decrease

A

hypercapnia

79
Q

decrease in PCO2 levels in blood, increase pH

A

hypocapnia

80
Q
  • strong emotion & pain send information from hypothalamus & limbic system to respiratory centers
  • Ex: excitation stimulates respiratory rate (happy and exciting =higher respiratory rate)
  • Anger decreases it (not breathing enough)
  • Ex: substantial drop in temperature can cause apnea
A

Hypothalamic control

81
Q
  • we can override the respiratory centers to control our own breathing depth/rate
  • Cerebral motor cortex sends impulses to motor neurons that stimulate respiratory muscles
  • This only goes so far (Ex: you cannot hold your breath forever)
A

cortical controls

82
Q

ventilation increases 10-20x during exercise

A

hyperpnea

83
Q
  • Group of conditions characterized by a physiological inability to expel air from the lungs
  • This condition is irreversible
  • Features/shared characteristics: labored breathing, coughing, pulmonary infection, etc.
A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

84
Q

what are the 2 types of copd

A
  1. Emphysema
  2. chronic bronchitis
85
Q
  • permanent enlargement of the alveoli & eventual destruction of their walls
  • Lungs lose elasticity
  • Bronchioles collapse during expiration-trap air in alveoli
  • Hyperinflation of alveoli leads to “barrel chest”
  • Damage to alveoli results in damage to pulmonary capillaries
A

emphysema

86
Q
  • chronic production of excess mucous due to inhaled irritants
  • Lower respiratory passages become inflamed over time & eventually fibrose
  • Ventilation decreases
  • This mucous is not removed from the lungs
  • Bacteria & microorganisms thrive in stagnant mucousinfection is frequent
A

chronic bronchitis

87
Q
  • Some similarities to COPD, but is temporary bronchospasm attacks followed by symptom-free periods
  • Bronchi become narrow and the individual has issues with breathing
  • Allergic asthma is most common form-allergen causes inflammation of airways
  • Inflammation caused by IgE antibodies
  • Inflammation persists between attacks-airways become hypersensitive
  • Treatment: inhaled corticosteroids (decrease inflammation and irritation) and/or bronchodilators (smooth muscle tissues in walls of bronchi to relax)
A

asthma

88
Q
  • Bacterial disease spread (primarily) by inhaled air
  • Mostly affects lungs, but can spread to other organs
  • 33% of world population is infected
  • BUT, it’s not active in most
  • Immune response contains bacteria to hardened nodules in lungs-bacteria cannot cause infection
  • If active, symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood
A

tuberculosis

89
Q
  • Characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
  • must wake up during sleep due to this condition
  • Can be as high as ~30 times/hour
  • Constant fatigue usually results-leads to increased susceptibility to hypertension, heart disease, stroke, etc.
A

sleep apnea

90
Q
  • occurs when upper airways collapse during sleep
  • Muscles associated with pharynx relax during sleep-airway sags and closes
  • Most common in men, made worse by obesity
  • Treatment: CPAP machineblows air into passages constantly to prevent collapse
A

obstructive sleep apnea

91
Q

respiratory centers of the brain “slack” during sleep-breathing rhythm/rate not maintained

A

central sleep apnea

anatomy spring semester (10 decks)

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