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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > The urinary system > Flashcards

The urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system consist of

A

-two kidneys
-two ureters
-one urinary bladder
-one urethra

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2
Q

Function of the urinary system

A
  1. elimination of waste products of metabolism
  2. filters 180L of fluid daily
  3. removes waste products of metabolism and drugs/toxins
  4. regulates blood osmolality
  5. regulates blood ions
  6. regulates blood pH
  7. produce the hormone erythropoietin
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3
Q

osmolality

A

total concentration of solutes

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4
Q

erythropoietin

A

-promotes red blood cell production

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5
Q

Location of the kidneys

A

-just above the waist
-between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen (retroperitoneal)

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6
Q

Why is the left kidney more superior than the right kidney

A

-the right kidney is crowded by the liver

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7
Q

Why is the left kidney more superior than the right kidney

A

-the right kidney is crowded by the liver

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8
Q

structure of the kidney

A

bean shaped

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9
Q

hilum

A

-notch on medial margin where ureter exits
-entering/exiting are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

What are the three tissues surrounding the kidneys

A
  1. renal fascia
  2. adipose capsule
  3. fibrous capsule (renal capsule)
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11
Q

renal fascia

A

-outermost layer composed of dense fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

adipose capsule

A

middle layer cushions kidney against blows

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13
Q

fibrous capsule (renal capsule)

A

-innermost layer
-covers external surface of kidneys
-protects kidneys from infections in surrounding tissue

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14
Q

cortex of the kidney

A

-superficial region
-light colored
-granular

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15
Q

medulla of the kidney

A

-deep to cortex
-dark red/brown color

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16
Q

renal pyramids of the kidneys

A

-triangle-shaped
-collectively make up the medulla

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17
Q

papilla of the kidneys

A

-apex of each pyramid
-point towards hilum

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18
Q

base of the kidneys

A

-base of each pyramid
-point toward cortex

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19
Q

medullary rays of the kidney

A

-lines within pyramids
-consist of straight tubules and collecting ducts

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20
Q

renal columns of the kidney

A

-cortex like material located between renal pyramids

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21
Q

renal pelvis of the kidney

A

-funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter leaving the hilum

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22
Q

major calyces

A

-branching extension of the renal pelvis

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23
Q

minor calyces

A

-major calyces form minor calyces
-cup shaped structure that enclose each renal papilla

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24
Q

Flow of urine in the kidneys

A
  1. renal papilla
  2. minor calyx
  3. major calyx
  4. renal pelvis
  5. ureter
  6. urinary bladder
  7. urethra
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25
Q

nephron

A

-functional unit of the kidney
-contains both vascular and non-vascular components

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26
Q

glomerulus

A

-ball of capillaries containing blood to be filtered
-all substances except proteins and red blood cells pass through the glomerulus

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27
Q

glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)

A

-consist of parietal layer and a visceral layer
-the visceral layer consist of podocytes (foot cells) that terminate in the foot processes

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28
Q

filtration slits

A

-the clefs or openings between the foot processes are called this in bowman’s capsule

29
Q

capsular space

A

-where filtrate enters through these slits

30
Q

renal corpuscle

A

-consists of the glomerulus and glomerular capsule

31
Q

renal tubule

A

-tubule extending from the glomerular capsule to the collecting duct
-contains the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (loop of Henle), descending limb (thin), ascending limb (thick). and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

32
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

-carriers its contents into the collecting duct

33
Q

collecting duct

A

-travels to the renal papilla and releases the newly formed urine into the minor calyx

34
Q

Function of nephrons

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
35
Q

glomerular filtration

A

-creates protein and blood cell free filtrate from blood
-water and solutes move from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule, the result is a solution called the filtrate

36
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

-the movement of certain components of the filtrate from the nephron tubule to the blood flowing through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
-filtrate contains ions, nutrients, and waste but the nutrients and most ions must be returned to the blood (124 ml of 125 ml will be reabsorbed)
-only 1 ml of filtrate is eliminated as urine
-specific amount of each substances absorbed depends on body’s needs at that time
-process of reabsorption is accomplished by passive and active transport mechanisms

37
Q

tubular secretion

A

-the addition of substances directly into the filtrate from the blood
-these substances were not part of the filtrate. and added from peritubular capillaries called tubule cells

38
Q

cortical nephron

A

-type of nephron that accounts for 85% of all nephrons
-no vasa recta blood vessels associated with this nephron

39
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

-type of nephron that accounts for 15% of all nephrons
-glomerulus located next to cortex/medulla border
-deeply penetrates the medulla
-has a long nephron loop
-vasa recta blood vessels are associated with this nephron
-plays a role in producing concentrated urine

40
Q

afferent arteriole

A

-feeds the glomerulus

41
Q

efferent arteriole

A

-drain the glomerulus

42
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

-surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

43
Q

vasa recta

A

-are associated with the juxtamedullary nephrons
-long straight chains that run parallel to the nephron loops and deeply penetrate the medulla

44
Q

List the Renal blood vessels

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental arteries
  3. Interlobar arteries
  4. Arcuate arteries
  5. Cortical radiate arteries
  6. cortical radiate veins
  7. Arcuate veins
  8. Interlobar veins
  9. renal veins
45
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

-located in the renal columns

46
Q

Arcuate arteries

A

-form arches over the bases of the renal pyramids

47
Q

cortical radiate arteries

A

-supply blood to the cortex

48
Q

What is the end product of a functioning nephron

A

-urine

49
Q

What are three processes that occur which result in urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
50
Q

filtration

A

-forcing of fluid and dissolved substances through a membrane by outward forces

51
Q

renal corpuscle

A

-adapted for filtering
-consist of a very porous membrane
-contains glycoproteins (neg charge) in the basement membrane
-extensive capillary network
-increased surface area

52
Q

Why does the efferent arteriole have a smaller diameter than afferent arteriole

A

b/c the blood pressure in the glomerulus is very high

53
Q

Factors that affect the rate of filtration

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HP gc)
  2. Forces that oppose filtration
  3. P (EFF) = effective filtration pressure
  4. The net filtration pressure (NFP)
  5. Glomerular filtration rate
54
Q

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HP gc)

A
  • HP gc is essentially glomerular blood pressure
  • HP gc is the dominant force driving filtration
55
Q

colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

-pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma

56
Q

hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space HPcs

A

-pressure exerted by filtrate against the wall of the glomerular capsule

57
Q

P (EFF) = effective filtration pressure

A

-net result of three contributory pressures (HP gc, OP gc, and HP cs)
P (EFE) = net filtration pressure (NFP)
-OP = osmotic pressure
CS = capsular space
HP = hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

NFP- net filtration pressure

A

-outward pressure - inward pressure
= (HP gc) - (HP cs + OP gc)
= (55) - (15+30)
= 10 mmHg
-directly results in the GFR: glomerular filtration rate

59
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

-the volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all the millions of glomeruli of the kidneys

60
Q

The glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to…

A
  1. net filtration pressure
  2. total surface area for filtration
  3. filtration membrane permeability
61
Q

How much filtrate does an adult kidney produce

A
  • 180 L (47 gallons) of filtrate per day
    -equates to a normal GFR of 120-125 ml of filtrate per minute
    -most of the filtrate is reabsorbed and returned to the blood
62
Q

How can glomerular filtration rate be determined by

A

-renal clearance of inulin (rarely performed)
-estimated by blood creatinine levels (routinely performed)

63
Q

renal clearance of inulin

A

-the volume of plasma from which the kidneys can completely remove inulin within a minute

64
Q

Substances reabsorbed in the PCT

A

-glucose
-amino acids
-sodium
-chloride
-water ( most water in filtrate reabsorbed along with other substances by osmosis)

65
Q

Substances reabsorbed in the descending limb

A

-water is reabsorbed here passively (osmosis)
-not permeable to NaCl and other solutes

66
Q

Substances reabsorbed in the ascending limb

A

-not permeable to water
-permeable to NaCl

67
Q

substances reabsorbed in the DCT

A

-aldosterone regulates the sodium reabsorbed here

68
Q

substances reabsorbed in the collecting duct

A

-water reabsorption regulated by ADH
-approx 10% water reabsorbed here
-sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion regulated by aldosterone
-hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed or secreted to maintain proper blood pH

69
Q

What is secreted during tubular secretion

A

-NH4 (ammonium)
- H+ (hydrogen ions = protons)
- K+ (potassium)
- creatine (from creatine phosphate in muscle)
- metabolites (breakdown products) of drugs like penicillin

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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