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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

1
Q

Heart: weight

A

250-350 g (<1 lbs.)

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2
Q

Heart: BPM

A

75

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3
Q

Heart: beats per day

A

1440 minutes per day * 75 beats per minute

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4
Q

Heart: pumps blood through

A

60,000 miles of blood vessels

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5
Q

Heart: location

A

mediastinum: space within thoracic cavity between lungs
-2/3rds lies left along the midline

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6
Q

apex

A

most inferior point of the surface of the heart

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7
Q

base

A

-superior and posterior aspect of the surface of the heart: great vessels of the heart attach here

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8
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A
  1. right atrium
  2. left atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. left ventricle
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9
Q

What are the 6 blood vessels of the heart

A
  1. superior vena cave
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
  4. pulmonary trunk
  5. pulmonary veins
  6. aorta
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10
Q

Atria

A

-two upper chambers
-each atrium has a flap like extension called an auricle
-each atrium receives blood from large veins

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11
Q

superior vena cava

A

-drains blood from upper half of body
-superior to right atrium and delivers blood directly to the right atrium

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12
Q

inferior vena cava

A

-drains blood from lower half of body

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13
Q

coronary sinus

A

-drains blood from coronary circulation (blood delivered to and from the heart muscle itself)
is to drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium.

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14
Q

left atria

A

-receives blood from four pulmonary veins that drain blood from the lungs
-two pulmonary veins drain each lung

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15
Q

interatrial septum

A

-a wall that separates the atria
-located on this wall is a shallow depression called the fossa ovalis (remnant of the foramen ovale)

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16
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

-located on the inner walls of the atrium are a honeycomb-like muscle called this

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17
Q

ventricles

A

-two lower chambers
-pump blood into large arteries

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18
Q

Right ventricle

A

-pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk (which splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries)

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19
Q

Left ventricle

A

-pumps blood into the aorta

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20
Q

What chamber has the thickest walls?

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

Interventricular septum

A

-a common wall that separates the ventricles

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22
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

-the ventricles contain irregular ridges of muscle that anchor the papillary muscle called this

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23
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

-the aorta and the pulmonary trunk are connected by this
-is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus

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24
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

A

-are located between the atria and ventricles

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25
Q

Right atrioventricular valve (AKA tricuspid valve)

A

-located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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26
Q

left atrioventricular valves (AV valves) (AKA bicuspid) (AKA mitral valve)- location

A

-located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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27
Q

chordae tendinae

A

-are attached to the CUSPS of the AV valves

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28
Q

papillary muscles

A

-the chordae tendinae are attached to this

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29
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

-the papillary muscles are reinforced by this

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30
Q

semilunar valve

A

-are located between the ventricles and arteries (pulmonary trunk and aorta)

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31
Q

Right semilunar valve (AKA pulmonary valve) (AKA pulmonic valve): location

A

-located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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32
Q

Left semilunar valve (AKA aortic valve)

A

-located between the left ventricle and aorta

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33
Q

The pulmonary circuit

A

-Blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
1. Blood is pumped by the right ventricle through the right semilunar valve, through the pulmonary trunk (which splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries)
2. Entering the lungs, the pulmonary arteries continue to branch until they form microscopic blood vessels called capillaries
*exchange of gases occurs in the capillaries with O2 entering the capillaries and CO2 exiting them (Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated)
3. The oxygenated blood then travels through larger and larger blood vessels until it exits the lung and travels by 4 pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium

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34
Q

The systemic circuit

A

1.blood flows from the heart to the body systems (excluding the lungs) and back to the heart
* blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the left semilunar valve into the aorta
2. Blood travels by smaller and smaller arteries to the various body systems where the arteries branch into microscopic vessels called capillaries
*CO2 is entering the capillaries and O2 is exiting (oxygenated blood becomes deoxygenated)
3.Blood travels through larger and larger blood vessels called veins until the blood enters one of the three veins (superior, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus)
4. Blood enters the right atrium (then cycle repeats)

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35
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

-anchors the heart to the diaphragm and sternum

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36
Q

serous pericardium

A

-forms a double layer of parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

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37
Q

parietal pericardium

A

-outer layer of serous membrane

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38
Q

visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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39
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

-between the parietal and visceral layers, and contains pericardial fluid

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40
Q

List the walls of the heart

A

-visceral pericardium (epicardium)
-myocardium
-endocardium

41
Q

Right and Left atrioventricular sulcus (coronary sulcus)

A

-separates the atrium and ventricles
-houses the coronary arteries

42
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

A

-separates the right and left ventricles

43
Q

Coronary circulation

A

-circulation through the myocardium (aorta –> coronary arteries)
-contains left coronary artery, right coronary artery, and cardiac veins

44
Q

left coronary artery

A

-runs under the left atrium and has two major branches
1. anterior interventricular artery
2. circumflex artery

45
Q

right coronary artery

A

-runs under the right atrium and has two major branches
1. right (marginal) branch
2. posterior interventricular artery

46
Q

cardiac veins

A

collect deoxygenated blood from myocardium, which drains into the coronary sinus and enters the right atrium

47
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

-located in the heart
-striated (striped appearance)
-involuntary (not under conscious control)
-usually a single nucleus
-presence of intercalated discs

48
Q

intrinsic beat

A

-built-in rate in which the heart paces its own contraction (beat)

49
Q

conduction of an impulse direction

A
  1. SA Node –> Atrium –> AV Node –> Bundle of His–> Bundle Branches–> Purkinje Fibers–> Cells of Ventricles
50
Q

SA Node (sinoatrial node)

A

-the pacemaker of the heart
-the SA Node depolarizes spontaneously about 72 times/min

51
Q

conduction of an impulse

A
  1. the SA Node depolarizes spontaneously about 72 times/min
  2. the impulse spreads quickly across the atria and they contract in unison
  3. the impulse reaches the AV node, at the AV node, the impulse is delayed for about 0.1 sec (giving the atria time to contract)
  4. the impulse travels the bundle of his which divides into the right and left bundle branches located in the interventricular septum
  5. the impulse now travels across the Purkinje fibers across the ventricles and papillary muscles
  6. the ventricles now contract
52
Q

Lub sound

A

closing of the right and left AV Valves

53
Q

Dub sound

A

closing of the right and left semilunar valves

54
Q

Heart murmur

A

-abnormal heart sounds

55
Q

vulvular regurgitation

A

-cusps fail to close properly

56
Q

valvular stenosis

A

-cusps fail to open properly (valvular opening is narrowed

57
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG = ECG)

A

a graphic recording of electrical changes during heart activity

58
Q

P- atrial

A

depolarization of the atria

59
Q

QRS Complex

A

-ventricular depolarization

60
Q

T wave ventricular

A

ventricular repolarization

61
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

-each cycle is initiated by the generation of an impulse by the SA Node that spreads over the entire heart
-a series of contractions that make up a complete heartbeat

62
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

63
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

64
Q

Steps in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Blood flow through the heart is controlled by PRESSURE
  2. Blow flows from a HIGH to LOW pressure
  3. Pressure changes are due to CONTRACTION and RELAXATION of the heart
65
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Filling

A
  1. The atria are relaxing
  2. Blood flows into the atria and ventricles (AV Valves are open)
  3. Towards the end of the phase atria contract
  4. The atria remain in diastole for the rest of the cycle
66
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole steps

A
  1. Ventricles begin to contract
  2. The pressure within the intraventricular chamber INCREASES
  3. The atrioventricular valves CLOSE
  4. The pressure rises about 80 mmHg
  5. The semilunar valves OPEN and the ventricles eject blood
67
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Isovolumetric Relaxation

A
  1. Ventricles begin to RELAX
  2. The pressure within the intraventricular chamber DECREASES
  3. The semilunar valve CLOSES
  4. The pressure within the intraatrial chamber DECREASES as blood fills it
  5. The AV Valves CLOSE
68
Q

Cardiac output

A

-the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle into the aorta per minute
-often in reference to the left ventricle

69
Q

cardiac output equation

A

stroke volume * heart rate

70
Q

cardiac reserve

A

-the difference between resting and maximal CO

71
Q

cardiac reserve: nonathletic people

A

5 L resting CO or 20-25L / min for maximal CO
-15-20 L

72
Q

Cardiac reserve: trained athlete

A

5 L resting CO or 35L/ min for maximal CO
-30 L

73
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle into the aorta each beat (ventricles contracting)
stroke volume = EDV - ESV
-no amount of the blood is pumped from ventricles at rest

74
Q

What does stroke volume depend on?

A
  1. end diastolic volume
  2. end systolic volume
75
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A
  • the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole,
76
Q

end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

-the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (contraction of ventricles)

77
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A
  1. Preload
  2. Contractility
  3. Afterload
78
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

cardiac output = stoke volume * heart rate

79
Q

preload

A

-the degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before contraction
-it affects stroke volume (increase preload = increased stroke volume)
- decreased preload = decreased stroke volume

80
Q

venous return

A

-the most important factor in stretching the cardiac muscle
-increasing venous return to the heart increases the stretching of the ventricular cells

81
Q

frank-starling law of the heart

A

-the relationship between preload and force of contraction is called

82
Q

What factors affect preload?

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. venous pressure
83
Q

Preload: heart rate affect

A

-slow heart rate results in loger time period for ventricular filling and more blood fills the ventricle, increasing the preload EDV
- fast heart rate results in a shorter time period for ventricular filling and less blood filling the ventricles, decreasing the preload EDV

84
Q

Preload: Venous pressure

A

-the lower the venous pressure (such as with blood loss or exercise) the less blood fills the ventricle- therefore decreasing the preload EDV

85
Q

Venous Pressure

A

-both chambers eject the same amount of blood
-also keeps the proper distribution of blood volume between the pulmonary and systemic circuits- resulting in an equal amount of blood pumped by both circuits
-if one circuit starts to pump more blood than the other, increased venous return to the opposite ventricle results in more blood pumped out preventing the backup or accumulation of blood in that circuit

86
Q

contractility

A

-an increase in muscle strength that is independent of muscle stretch and EDV
-contractility affects stroke volume:
Increased contractility = increased stroke volume
decreased contractility = decreased stroke volume
-Increased contractility is usually a result of an increase in Ca2+ released within the muscle
-contractility is increased by sympathetic stimulation

87
Q

What increases contractility

A

positive inotropic agents:
1. epinephrine
2. thyroxine
3. glucagon

Negative inotropic agents
1. increase in K+ (hyperkalemia)
2. increase in H+ (acidemia)

88
Q

Afterload

A

-the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject the blood
-this is the resistance or back pressure created by the valves and blood vessels (ex: aorta) to the ejected blood
-affect stroke volume
-an increase in pressure in the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) results in an increase in afterload (ESV), thereby decreasing stroke volume
- a decrease in pressure in the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) results in a decrease in afterload (ESV), thereby increasing stroke volume
** in people with hypertension or inflexible semilunar valves, afterload is increased and it reduces the ventricles to eject the blood

89
Q

What is the heart rate regulated by?

A

-nervous system (autonomic)
cardiac centers: both in medulla oblongata
-parasympathetic is the dominant influence that lowers heart rate from 100 bpm to 75 at rest

90
Q

Cardioaccelerator center (CAC)

A

-stimulates sympathetic nerves
-heart rate increases and thus cardiac output increases

91
Q

cardioinhibitory center (CIC)

A

-stimulates parasympathetic nerves
-decrease in heartrate and this decrease in cardiac output

92
Q

Reflexes that affect the cardiac centers are triggered by

A

pressoreceptors = baroreceptors

93
Q

Pressoreceptors

A

-are nerve cells located in the walls of blood vessels that respond to changes in the blood pressure

94
Q

what are some pressoreceptor-mediated reflexes?

A
  1. carotid sinus
  2. aortic sinus reflex
  3. right heart (atrial) reflex
95
Q

carotid sinus

A

important in regulating normal blood pressure for the brain

96
Q

aortic sinus reflex

A

maintains general systemic blood pressure

97
Q

right heart (atrial) reflex

A

-prevents excessive increases in intra-arterial pressure

98
Q

Heart rate is regulated by what chemicals?

A

-epinephrine (mimics norepinephrine)
- thyroxine (enhances the effects of epinephrine)

99
Q

What ions regulate heart rate?

A

hypercalcemia= elevated blood levels of calcium (increase heart rate and increase contractility)
hypocalcemia = depressed blood levels of calcium (decreased heart rate and decreased contractility)

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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