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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > Reproductive system- Female > Flashcards

Reproductive system- Female Flashcards

1
Q

What is the female gonad

A

the ovary
-the ovary produces the oocyte and the hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

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2
Q

Structures in the female reproductive system

A

-ovaries
-fallopian (uterine) tubes
-uterus
-vagina
-vulva/ pudendum (external structure)

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3
Q

Ovaries

A

-almond-shaped glands located in the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
-the position is maintained ligaments

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4
Q

broad ligaments

A

-flap of visceral peritoneum that encloses and anchors the uterine tubes, ovaries, and uterus

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5
Q

mesovarium

A

-part of the broad ligament that anchors the ovary

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6
Q

ovarian ligament

A

-anchors the ovary to the uterus

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7
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

-anchors the ovary to the pelvic cavity wall

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8
Q

What supply blood to the ovary

A

ovarian arteries and ovarian branch of the uterine artery

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9
Q

cortex of the ovary

A

-the outer region
-contains the ovarian follicles (structures in which the egg/oocyte develop)

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10
Q

medulla of the ovary

A

-the inner region
-largest blood vessels and connective tissue found here

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11
Q

germinal epithelium

A

-layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that cover the ovary’s surface

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12
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

-Dense fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the ovaries

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13
Q

stroma

A

-connective tissue framework that reinforces the interior of the ovary

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14
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

structures containing the developing oocyte

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15
Q

graafian follicle (vesicular ovarian follicle)

A

-fully mature follicle containing a fluid filled cavity (antrum)

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16
Q

corpus luteum

A

-after the oocyte is ejected from the graafian follicle, the follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum

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17
Q

Oogenesis: Producing the Ova

A
  1. each follicle contains one sex cell (oocyte) surrounded by various layers of cells
  2. every month one of these ovarian follicle fully matures
  3. these fully mature ovarian follicles is called the graafian follicle (vesicular follicle)
  4. the oocyte is suspended within the antrum by a ring of cells tethered to the follicle (corona radiata)
  5. One graafian follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
  6. The ruptured follicle become the corpus luteum and produces (progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin)
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18
Q

antrum

A

-large fluid filled cavity

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19
Q

ovulation

A

-when one graffian follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
-caused by a surge in Luteinizing hormone

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20
Q

inhibin

A

-inhibits gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone work together to ….?

A

-responsible for regulating ovarian cycle
-controls fluid and electrolyte balance
-promotes gestation
-thickens the endometrium for implantation of the zygote (fertilized egg)
-prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion

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22
Q

Uterine tubes (AKA: fallopian tubes or oviducts)

A

-two hollow tubes apprx. 4 inches long and <1 cm in diameter

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23
Q

Uterine tube function

A

-transport egg towards the uterus
-site of conception (fertilization of egg)
-transport of zygote (fertilized egg) to uterus
-this takes about 5-7 days

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24
Q

How does the egg and zygote move through the uterine tube

A

-peristalsis of smooth muscle lining the uterine tube wall
-beating of cilia lining uterine tube (ciliated columnar epithelium)

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25
Q

isthmus

A

-narrow region that connects to the uterus

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26
Q

ampulla

A

portion that expands distal to the isthmus

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27
Q

infindibulum

A

-funnel shaped end of the uterine tube

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28
Q

fimbriae

A

finger like projections of the infundibulum that drape the ovary
-catcher’s mitt for the egg at ovulation

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29
Q

mucosa of the uterine tube

A

-deep layer of the uterine tube that lines it and contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells

30
Q

Muscularis of the uterine tube

A

-middle layer composed of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis

31
Q

serosa

A

-outermost layer composed of visceral peritoneum

32
Q

uterus (womb)

A

-hollow thick walled organ shaped like a inverted pear
-located in the pelvic cavity posterior/superior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum

33
Q

Function of the uterus

A
  • implantation of fertilized egg (zygote)
    -nourishment of developing embryo
    -growth and development of embryo–> fetus
    -delivery of the fetus (birth/ parturition)
34
Q

fundus of the uterus

A

-bulging upper surface of the uterus

35
Q

body of the uterus

A

-middle thick-walled portion

36
Q

cervix of the uterus

A

-neck of the uterus through which passes the cervical canal

37
Q

uterine cavity

A

-cavity within uterus in which the zygote implants and the embryo and fetus develop

38
Q

cervical canal

A

-canal through cervix that connects to the uterine cavity

39
Q

Internal Os

A

-internal opening to the cervical canal, that connects cervical canal to the uterine cavity

40
Q

cervical canal (external Os)

A

-external opening to cervical canal, that connects cervical canal to the vagina

41
Q

wall of the uterus

A

-perimetrium: outermost serous layer
-myometrium: bulky middle later of smooth muscle
-endometrium: composed of two stratums (stratum functionalis and stratum basale)

42
Q

stratum functionalis

A

-inner most layer shed during menstruation

43
Q

stratum basale

A

-underlies and gives rise to the stratum functionalis

44
Q

Pap smear

A

papanicolaou smear- cervical cells are scraped away and microscopically examined for signs of cervical cancer

45
Q

vagina- birth canal

A

-thin walled tube lined with rugae which extends from the cervix to body exterior
-3-4 inches long
-located between bladder and rectum
mucosa contains folds called rugae and is made of stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina

A
  1. adventitia
  2. muscularis
  3. mucosa
47
Q

How is the vagina lubricated

A

-by the cervical and mucose glands
-the vagina itself has no glands

48
Q

What is the pH of the vagina

A

-acidic (3.5-4) which is hostile to sperm and bacteria
-the pH of girls is alkaline which predisposes them to STDs

49
Q

hymens

A

-found in virgins, the mucosa near the distal vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition
-can tear by sports injury, tampons, etc

50
Q

fornix

A

upper end of the vaginal canal surrounding the cervix

51
Q

mons pubis

A

fatty prominent region formed by adipose tissue beneath the skin anterior to the pubic symphysis

52
Q

labia majora

A

-two elongated folds of skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibule

53
Q

labia minora

A

-two elongated delicate folds of skin that establish the boundaries of the vestibule

54
Q

clitoris

A

-small mass of erectile tissue that projects into the vestibule and enlarges during arousal

55
Q

vestibule

A

-enclosed by the labia minora that contains openings of the urethra and vagina

56
Q

greater vestibule glands

A

-located at the vaginal orifice
-produce lubricants at the distal end of the vagina during sexual intercourse

57
Q

perineum

A

-the skin area between the anus and vulva

58
Q

episiotomy

A

-when the vaginal opening is too small an incision is made in the vaginal orifice to reduce tearing of vaginal canal

59
Q

mammary gland

A

-present in both sexes but usually only functional in females, they function only during lactation and producing milk
- in non-pregnant women, the glandular structure of the breast is underdeveloped and the duct system is small. So breast size is due to amount of adipose tissue located between the lobes

60
Q

lobes

A
  • 15-25 sub-compartments lined with connective tissue
61
Q

lobules

A
  • subdivisions of the smaller subunits within lobes that contain alveoli
62
Q

alveoli

A

milk producing glands

63
Q

nipple

A

ejects milk through lactiferous ducts

64
Q

areola

A

-darker pigmented skin surrounded the nipple

65
Q

ovarian cycle

A

-the monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg

66
Q

follicular phase- Day 13

A

-last 1-13 days
-the developing of a graafian follicle FSH plays a major role during this stage

67
Q

Ovulation- Day 14

A

-surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) brings about ovulation an oocyte is released from the ovary and is swept into the fallopian tube, this is the time when fertilization is possible

68
Q

Luteal Phase- Day 15-28

A

-the ruptured follicle turns into the corpus luteum which produces estrogen and progesterone
-if no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days
- if pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone until the placenta takes over the responsibility

69
Q

menstrual cycle

A

-the series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to hormonal changes

70
Q

menstrual phase (day 1-5) menses

A

-discharge of blood, mucus, epithelial cells due to the shedding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium. the stratum basale is the permanent later and is not shed

71
Q

proliferative phase (Preovulatory phase) day 6-13

A

-FSH stimulates the development of primary follicles into secondary follicles. Secondary follicles produce estrogen which stimulate the production of a new stratum functionalis of the endometrium
-a secondary follicle will develop into a graafian follicle which contains the antrum, more estrogen is being produced which will inhibit FSH secretion and LH starts to be secreted

72
Q

secretory phase (post ovulatory phase)

A
  • more LH is secreted which causes the ruptured follicle to turn into corpus luteum which secretes both progesterone and estrogen
    -progesterone with the help of estrogen maintains the uterus in case of fertilization of the egg
    -if no fertilization occurs then corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans, failing levels of estrogen and progesterone cause endometrium to die
    -if pregnancy occurs corpus luteum keeps secreting hormones until the placenta takes over

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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