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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > The blood > Flashcards

The blood Flashcards

1
Q

Function of blood

A

-Transport/Distribution of
* oxygen
* carbon dioxide
* nutrients
*wastes
* hormones
* body heat
-Defense against invasions by pathogens
*some white blood cells (Leukocytes) can phagocytize microbes and produce antibodies
-protect against fluid loss by clotting

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2
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that identify (tag) pathogens for destruction

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3
Q

Blood is composed of

A

-cell and cell fragments (formed elements)
-matrix (plasma)
* formed elements are suspended in the plasma

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4
Q

formed elements

A

-are produced in the red bone marrow
-contain RBC, WBC, platelets

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5
Q

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells): Function, Cell count, Anatomy

A

-most plentiful about 5 million RBC’s per cubic millimeter (1ul)
-carry oxygen
-biconcave disc, filled with hemoglobin (Hb) and anucleate (no nucleus)

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6
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells) (WBC’s): cell count, function

A

-least plentiful (4,800-10,800 WBC per cubic millimeter) (1ul)
-defense against pathogens
-participate in inflammation
-capable of moving through blood vessel walls

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7
Q

Platelets/thrombocytes

A

-150,000-400,000 platelets per cubic millimeter

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8
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

-oxygen carrying protein in RBCs
-each RBC has 250,000 Hb molecules
-each hemoglobin molecule has 4 iron containing oxygen binding sites (heme groups)
-binding of O2 is reversible
-O2 binds to heme when blood oxygen increases
-O2 binds to detaches from heme when blood oxygen decreases

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9
Q

Granulocytes (sub-type of Leukocytes)

A

-name refers to granules filled with chemicals that assist in killing pathogens or promoting inflammation
-have lobed nuclei
** neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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10
Q

Agranulocytes (sub-type of leukocytes)

A

-A in name refer to lack of visible granules
-spherical/kidney shape nucleus
** lymphocytes and monocytes

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11
Q

Neutrophils: anatomy and function

A

-pink cytoplasm
-small pink and purple granules
-nuclei has 3-5 lobes

-helps fight bacteria via: phagocytosis and release of granule contents
-numbers increase with bacterial infections

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12
Q

Eosinophils: Anatomy and Function

A

-large ruby red granules
-bilobed (horseshoe) nucleus

-helps fight parasites
-participates in allergic reactions
-numbers increase parasite infections and allergic reactions

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13
Q

Basophils: Function and Anatomy

A

-large purple granules
-bilobed (horseshoe) nucleus

-helps mediate inflammation via release of histamines (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)

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14
Q

lymphocytes: Function and anatomy

A

-pale blue cytoplasm
-large spherical purple/blue nucleus

-main function is launching an immune response
-B cells make antibodies
-T cells attack normal cells (malignant and virus infected)
-numbers increase with viral infections and leukemia

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14
Q

monocytes: Anatomy and Function

A

-largest WBC
-gray/blue cytoplasm
-large kidney shaped purple/blue nucleus

-helps fight infections by phagocytose bacteria and cell debris
-become macrophages outside of blood vessels

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14
Q

platelets (Thrombocytes): function and anatomy

A

-cell fragments; anucleate
-derived from processes of multinucleated cells in red bone marrow (megakaryocytes)

-participate in clotting process
-cell membrane contain clotting factors (enzymes) that participate in coagulation cascade

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15
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

-the process of blood cell formation
-occurs in red bone marrow
-all blood cells derive from common stem cell
1. Start with hemocytoblast stem cells
- divide into lymphoid cells and myeloid cells
2. The lymphoid cells divide into lymphocytes
3. The myeloid cells divide into erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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16
Q

What hormone controls synthesis of RBCs

A

-erythropoietin which is secreted by the kidneys
-decreasing oxygen levels = increasing erythropoietin

17
Q

How are red blood cells formed

A
  1. Stimulus (low blood O2- carrying ability due to decreased RBC count, decreased amount of hemoglobin, and O2)
  2. kidney (some liver) release erythropoietin
  3. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
  4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
  5. O2 carrying ability of blood increases
18
Q

What is blood plasma made of?

A

-composed of 90% H2O
-solutes include nutrients (glucose)
-salts (electrolytes)
-respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
-waste (urea)
-hormones
-plasma proteins (albumin)

19
Q

Albumin (Blood plasma proteins)

A

-made in the liver
-regulates osmotic pressure of blood
-many drugs travel in blood attach to albumin

20
Q

Antibodies (plasma proteins)

A

-made by lymphocytes
-protein tags that attach to bacteria and abnormal cells–> target for destruction

21
Q

Fibrinogen (plasma proteins)

A

-converted to fibrin during coagulation, is a major component of blood clots

22
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

-average blood volume: 5-6 liters
-color range: oxygen rich: bright red
oxygen poor: dark red
-pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45

23
Q

centrifugation of blood

A

-erythrocytes sink to the bottom of vile (45% of blood volume this percentage is known as hematocrit)
-plasma (clear) rises to the top (55% of blood volume)
-between plasma and hematocrit is the buffy coat which contains WBC and platelets (1%)

24
Q

Antigens

A

-substances that the body’s immune system may recognize as foreign and or abnormal
-for blood groups these substances are membrane proteins on red blood cells

25
Q

Antibodies

A

-proteins made by lymphocytes that tag antigens. When attached to antigens, antibodies act as flags that allow WBCS to identify foreign or abnormal cells

26
Q

Agglutination Reaction

A

-when antibodies attach to their respective blood group antigens, an agglutination reaction ensues
-the antibodies cross link the RBCs to one another and form clumps of red blood cells
-within the body, the transfusion of blood products with antigens that react with a recipient’s blood group antibodies also results in anaphylactic shock

27
Q

ABO Blood groups: antigens

A

Group A blood: RBCs have A antigen
Group B Blood: RBCs have B antigen
Group AB Blood: RBCs have A and B antigens
Group O Blood: RBCs have neither A or B antigens

28
Q

Rhesus factor (Rh)

A

-like A and B antigens, Rh antigen is a protein located on the cell wall of red blood cells
-those that have the Rh antigen are designated as +
-those that do not have the RH antigen are -

29
Q

Antibody rules for ABO groups

A
  • a person has anti-A or anti-B antibodies to the antigens they don’t have
    Group A blood: has Anti-B antibody
    Group B blood: has Anti-A antibody
    Group AB blood: has no antibodies
    Group O blood: has both Anti A and B
30
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies

A

A person who is RH+ does not have anti-Rh antibodies
-A person who is RH- may have anti-Rh antibodies if
1. they have been exposed to RH+ blood (transfusion or childbirth)

31
Q

ABO and RH transfusion compatibility rules

A

1.First consider the antibodies that the recipient has
2. Then consider whether the recipients antibodies will attach to the donor antigens
* Type O blood is the universal donor
* Type AB blood is the universal recipient

32
Q

Hemostasis

A

stopping of blood

33
Q

Steps of hemostasis: Step 1 vascular spasm

A

a. direct injury to vascular smooth muscle results in vasoconstriction
b. constriction arteries lose less blood (most effective in smaller blood vessels)

34
Q

Steps of hemostasis: Step 2 platelet plug formation

A

a. normally platelets do not stick to each other or blood vessel walls b/c of endothelial cells releasing chemicals preventing platelet aggregation
b. a plasma protein called von Willebrand factor results in adhesion between platelets and collagen fibers
c. Platelet degranulate: these released chemicals signal the recruitment of additional platelets

35
Q

Steps of hemostasis: Step 3 Coagulation

A

-blood clotting
a. reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads
b. the procoagulant or clotting factors enable coagulation
c. the clotting factors are numbered I to XIII
- most plasma proteins made in the liver
-most circulate in an inactive form in the blood until needed
-Vitamin K: required for synthesizing four of the factors
- Ca2+: is required for the activity of several factors

36
Q

Clotting Mechanism: Intrinsic pathway

A

-all clotting factors within the blood
1. slower and more steps
2. all clotting factors are required
3. calcium is required

37
Q

Clotting Mechanism: Extrinsic pathway

A

-one clotting factor, tissue factor is outside the blood
1. Faster
2. All clotting factors are not required
3. calcium is required

38
Q

Clotting Mechanisms: Phase 1 Intrinsic pathway

A
  1. damage to lining of blood vessel
  2. negatively charged surfaces exposed (activated platelets in platelet plug, exposed collagen)
  3. platelets adhere to negatively charged surfaces
  4. results in formation of prothrombin activator to make thrombin which then makes fibrinogen –> fibrin
39
Q

clotting Mechanisms: Phase 1 Extrinsic pathway

A
  1. Damage to tissues surrounding blood vessels
  2. damaged tissue releases tissue factor
  3. results in formation of prothrombin activator which makes thrombin, which then makes fibrinogen –> fibrin
40
Q

Clot retraction

A

-platelets contain contractile proteins (actin and myosin). Clot retraction dries clot and pulls ruptured edges closer together
-Vessel repair: platelets release PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor) to stimulate fibroblasts to form a connective tissue patch
-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) stimulates the endothelial cells to form a new endothelial lining

41
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

-dissolution of the blood clot
steps:
1. clot formation
2. endothelial cells produce Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) to make plasmin

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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