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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessel graph circulation

A

Heart –> Arteries –> Arterioles –> Capillaries –> Venules –> Veins –> … and repeat

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2
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

tunics

A

three coats surround the lumen (space) of blood vessels
- give blood vessels: strength, elasticity, and contractility

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4
Q

Tunica intima

A

-innermost layer
-it includes endothelium
-lining of blood vessels composed of simple squamous epithelium which provides a smooth frictionless surface

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5
Q

tunica media

A

-middle layer
-consist of a circular arrangement of smooth muscle and elastin sheets
-is innervated by the autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

vasoconstriction

A

-decrease in the blood vessel diameter size
-this results in an increase in blood pressure

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7
Q

vasodilation

A

-an increase in the blood vessel diameter size
-this will result in a decrease in blood pressure

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8
Q

Tunica externa

A

-outermost layer also called tunica adventitia
-it consists of collagen fibers for protecting and anchoring

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9
Q

elastic arteries

A

-are conducting arteries
-long, thick-walled arteries located close to the heart containing all three layers
-they have the largest diameter and most elastin fibers
-allows blood vessels to expand and recoil, blood is kept under continuous pressure and flows continuously
-provides pressure smoothing effect for the protection of more distal arteries

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10
Q

elastic arteries: The pulse

A

is the alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries with each cardiac cycle

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11
Q

muscular arteries

A

-distributing arteries
-medium and smaller-sized arteries further along from the heart that carries blood to specific organs
-these are the arteries with the thickest tunica media

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12
Q

arterioles

A

-smallest of the arterial vessels that supply blood to capillaries
-largest arterioles have all three tunics but tunica media is mostly smooth muscle for vasoconstriction
-smaller arterioles lead to capillaries- little more than a single layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the endothelium

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13
Q

arterioles function

A

-arteriole diameter determines blood flow into capillaries
-affected by:
1. hormones and chemical influences
2. autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels located near most body cells

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15
Q

capillaries characteristics

A

-consist of very thin walls of the endothelium
-one endothelial cell forms the entire circumference of a capillary
-RBC pass through in single file

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16
Q

capillaries: function

A

-allows for the exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid (cells)

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17
Q

continuous capillaries

A

-capillaries with an uninterrupted lining
-consist of tight junctions (not complete) between adjacent cells

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18
Q

intercellular clefts

A

small gaps in the tight junctions allow for limited passage of materials

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19
Q

brain capillaries

A

-complete tight junctions (bases of blood-brain barrier)

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20
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

-endothelial cells have pores
-allows for greater movement of materials

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21
Q

fenestrated capillaries: location

A
  1. small intestine for absorption
  2. kidney for filtration
  3. endocrine glands for diffusion of hormones
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22
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

-modified leaky capillaries
-consist of an increase in fenestrations (windows) increased intercellular clefts and fewer tight junctions

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23
Q

sinusoid capillaries: location

A

-liver
- bone marrow
-lymphoid tissue
-some endocrine glands

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24
Q

capillary beds

A

-10 to 100 capillaries per bed
-consist of an interweaving network of capillaries
-true capillaries usually branch off the metarteriole and empty into the thoroughfare channel

25
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

-a cuff of smooth muscle tissue
-located at the beginning of the capillary and controls the blood flow into the capillary beds

26
Q

venous vessels

A

larger blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart
-as they progress, they gradually thicken and increase in diameter

27
Q

venules

A

-smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries that unite and drain into venules
-smallest venules consist of endothelium and are very porous
-large venules consist of three tunics

28
Q

veins

A

-larger blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart
-contain all three layers but the walls are thinner and the lumen is wider than the corresponding arteries
-larger lumens offer little resistance to blood flow
-are major blood reservoirs containing 65% of the blood

29
Q

valves

A

-keep blood flowing in one way direction

30
Q

venous sinus

A

-flattened vein with thin walls supported by surrounding tissue
ex: coronary sinus
ex: dural venous sinuses

31
Q

varicose veins

A

-dilated vessels due to stretched walls from restricted blood flow

32
Q

physiology of blood flow

A
  1. blood flows from a venule to a vein
  2. milking action of skeletal muscles helps aid venous return
  3. valves keep blood traveling in a one-way direction during venous return
  4. increasing diameter of venules and veins decreases resistance helping venous return
  5. during inhalation the diaphragm lower in the abdominal cavity decreasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity (blood is sucked up into the thoracic cavity - helps return to the heart)
  6. gravity helps return blood back to the heart when erect
33
Q

anastomosis

A

-when arteries supplying an organ or joint merge to join
-allows blood flow to continue if one of the supplying vessels occludes
-common around joints, abdominal organs, the heart, and the brain
-provide collateral circulation (an alternative pathway for blood flow)
–veins connect more freely than arteries, so anastomoses are common (venous occlusions rarely cause tissue death)

34
Q

What organs do not contain anastomoses?

A

kidney, retina, and spleen
-if the artery supplying these organs occludes infarction happens

35
Q

blood pressure

A

-the force blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels
- Blood pressure = arterial blood pressure
-this difference in blood pressure keeps blood flowing (high to low pressure)
-blood pressure is measured twice (systolic and diastolic)
- BP = cardiac output * peripheral resistance (cardiac output affected by blood volume)

36
Q

systolic pressure

A

when the left ventricle is in systole = 120 mmHg

37
Q

diastolic pressure

A

-when the left ventricle is in diastole = 70-80 mHg

38
Q

cardiac output

A

blood pressure varies directly with cardiac output
-depends upon heart rate and stroke volume

39
Q

blood volume

A

-blood pressure varies directly with blood volume
-is regulated by hormones
-is regulated by renal regulation (renin-angiotensin mechanisms)

40
Q

peripheral resistance

A

-the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels
-blood pressure varies directly with peripheral resistance

41
Q

blood viscosity

A

-generally changes very slightly from day to day

42
Q

total blood vessel length

A

-the longer the length of the blood vessel, the greater resistance encountered

43
Q

arteriole diameter

A

-the narrower the arteriole diameter, the greater the peripheral resistance.
-the wider the arteriole diameter, the smaller the peripheral resistance
-is regulated by the autonomic nervous system

44
Q

vasomotor fibers

A

-are sympathetic motor fibers innervating blood vessel smooth muscle
-the vasomotor centers send impulses along vasomotor fibers
-the vasomotor center receives input from pressure receptors located in large arteries

45
Q

vasomotor tone

A

-vasomotor fibers continuously stimulate arterial smooth muscle keeping them in a state of partial constriction

46
Q

Arteriole diameter is also regulated by chemical mechanisms such as…

A
  1. epinephrine and norepinephrine
  2. atrial natriuretic factor
  3. endothelium-derived factors
47
Q

Blood flow equation

A

the difference in blood pressure (pulse pressure)/ peripheral resistance

48
Q

What are the factors affecting arterial blood pressure

A
  1. elasticity of arteries (ability to stretch)
  2. volume of blood forced into them at any time (systole/diastole)
49
Q

Pulse pressure equation

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

50
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

calculated average pressure in arteries that propels the blood throughout the cardiac cycle (take note that diastole is longer than systole)

51
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP) equation

A

Diastolic pressure + Pulse pressure/3

52
Q

capillary pressure

A
  • 40 mmHg –> 20mmHg
  • capillaries are fragile and high pressure could rupture them
  • are extremely permeable and this low pressures forces solute-containing fluids of the bloodstream into the interstitial space
53
Q

venous pressure

A
  • 20 mmHg –> 0mmHg
    -very little pressure gradient to push blood through the veins
    -compensates for low-pressure gradient by valves and skeletal muscles (squeezing or milking)
54
Q

Capillary dynamics: fluid movements

A

-fluid is forced out of capillaries at the arterial end but most is returned to the capillary at the venous end. This helps determine the fluid balance in the bloodstream and extracellular place

55
Q

hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)

A

-the force exerted by a fluid pressing against its wall in capillaries, hydrostatic pressure is the same as capillary blood pressure = HPc

56
Q

What is blood HPc

A

-35mmHg at the arterial end and 17mmHg at the venous end

57
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic

A

HP if = 0 mmHg because lymphatics continuously drain the fluid

58
Q

osmotic pressure

A

-is created through large, nondiffusible molecules such as plasma proteins that cannot pass through the capillary membrane, these molecules drain water into them
- interstitial fluid - OP if contains few proteins and is about 1 mmHg

59
Q

blood osmotic pressure

A

OP c = 26mmHg

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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