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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > The digestive system > Flashcards

The digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

-rendering soluble semi-solid or solid substances

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

food taken into the body

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3
Q

Propulsion

A

-process that moves food through the alimentary canal
a. swallowing (voluntary)
b. peristalsis (involuntary)

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4
Q

peristalsis

A

-progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary canal

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5
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

-physically breaking apart bigger particles into smaller particles
ex: chewing, churning

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6
Q

chewing (mastication)

A

-breaking food into smaller pieces to increase total surface area

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7
Q

churning

A

-happens in the stomach
-mix food with enzymes

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8
Q

segmentation

A

-done in the small intestines
-non-adjacent segments of alimentary canal contract and relax

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9
Q

hydrolysis

A

-break down of carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids into smaller usable molecules with the addition of water
-ex of chemical digestion

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10
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-directed by enzymes secreted into the alimentary canal or tethered to its walls (brush border enzymes)

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11
Q

Absorption

A

movement of molecules from the GI tract into the blood or lymph (through the mucosal cells)

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12
Q

defecation

A

-elimination of indigestible substances from the body

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13
Q

What are the two main groups of organs of digestion

A
  1. Alimentary Canal (GI tract)
  2. Accessory Organs
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14
Q

Alimentary canal

A

-also called gastrointestinal tract
-a continuous tube running from mouth to anus (30ft long in cadaver)

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15
Q

Accessory organs

A

-food does not pass through accessory organs
-accessory organs lay outside of the GI tract and connect to it through duct
-are also some accessory organs located in the oral cavity

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16
Q

Accessory organs in the oral cavity

A
  1. teeth
  2. tongue
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17
Q

Accessory organs that lay outside of the GI tract and connect to it through ducts

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall bladder
  3. Pancreas
  4. Salivary Glands
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18
Q

Tissue lining the mouth (oral cavity-buccal)

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Structures associated with oral cavity

A
  1. Lips and Cheeks
  2. Palate
  3. Tongue
  4. Salivary glands
  5. teeth
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20
Q

Lips and Cheek: job

A

-keeps food between teeth when we chew
-assist in speech

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21
Q

Palate: job

A

-roof of mouth
- anterior = hard palate, posterior = soft palate (include uvula)
- palatine tonsils

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22
Q

Tongue: Job

A

-helps with swallowing, speech, taste buds, mixes food with saliva to create bolus, repositions food between teeth

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23
Q

Salivary glands: job

A

-produce saliva
-contains parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

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24
Q

Parotid Glands

A

-lay anterior to ears
-secrete saliva into ducts that open near the upper second molar

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25
Q

Submandibular gland

A

-lay along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
-secrete saliva into ducts that open on ether side of the lingual frenulum (median fold that secretes tongue to floor of oral cavity
-under the mandible

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26
Q

sublingual glands

A

-lay anterior to the submandibular glands under the tongue
-secrete saliva into ducts that open into the floor of the mouth

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27
Q

saliva: what is it

A

-lubricates, dissolves, and chemically breaks down food
-increase in production when food enters mouth (or with sight and smell of food)
- 1-1.5 L produced per day

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28
Q

Saliva: composition

A

-97-99.5% H2O
Solutes:
-electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-)
- mucous
-lysozyme (bacteriolytic)
- metabolic wastes
-enzymes: salivary amylase (converts starch –> maltose)
lingual lipase (converts glycerides –> glycerol and fatty acids)

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29
Q

Deciduous teeth (milk or baby teeth)

A

-emerge between 6 mos. and 2 years of age
-20 teeth total

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30
Q

permanent teeth

A

-replace deciduous teeth between 6-12 years of age
-32 teeth total

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31
Q

Incisors

A

-8 total in your mouth
-4 per jaw

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32
Q

canines (cuspids)

A
  • 4 in total
    -2 per jaw
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33
Q

premolar (bicuspids)

A

-8 in total
-4 per jaw

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34
Q

Molars

A

-12 in total
-6 per jaw

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35
Q

crown

A

area above the gingiva (gum)

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36
Q

Enamel

A

-brittle ceramic-like substance
-hardest substance in the body
-heavily mineralized with calcium salts and densely packed mineral crystals called hydroxyapatite
-bears the force of chewing
-cells producing enamel degenerate when a tooth erupts- as a result, the enamel will not heal

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37
Q

dentin

A

-protein-rich bone-like material that acts as a shock absorber
-also penetrates into the root

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38
Q

odontoblast

A

-cells that secrete and maintain dentin

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39
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

-includes connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
-collectively called pulp
-supplies nutrients to tooth
-provides tooth sensation

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40
Q

root

A

-area of tooth embedded in jaw bone

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41
Q

cementum

A

-calcified connective tissue covers the outer surface of the root
-attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament that connects the tooth to the underlying bone

42
Q

root canal

A

-where pulp cavity extends into the root

43
Q

how to cavities form

A

-dental carries
1. a film of bacteria and sugar (dental plaque) sticks to the surface of teeth
2. bacterial metabolize the sugar and make acid as a byproduct
3. the acid dissolves the calcium salts of the teeth

44
Q

How does periodontal disease progress

A
  1. dental plaque calcifies and forms calculus (tartar)
  2. as it grows the calculus pries apart the seal between the gums and tooth
  3. the bacteria infect the gingiva and multiply within deep pockets between the gingiva and tooth
  4. bacteria dissolve periodontal ligament and activated immune cells activate osteoclasts
  5. activated osteoclast dissolves the surrounding bone
    -accounts for 80-90% of tooth loss
45
Q

Pharynx

A

-contains the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
-air goes into all three, but food goes into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

46
Q

Deglutition

A

-swallowing
1. tongue rises
2. uvula closes off the nasopharynx
3. epiglottis seals glottis
4. food is forced into the esophagus

47
Q

esophagus

A

-the muscular tube that is 10 inches in length
-posterior to the trachea
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium

48
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

-located at the entrance to the esophagus
-opens to let food enter during swallowing
-peristalsis begins here

49
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

-also called gastroesophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
-located where the esophagus joins the stomach
-opens to let food enter the stomach

50
Q

Swallowing times for food

A

4 seconds

51
Q

swallowing times for fluid

A

1-2 seconds

52
Q

stomach

A

-lays in the upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity
-forms chyme (food that becomes a creamy paste)
-lined by simple columnar epithelium (all subsequent GI tract organs up until the rectum are lined with this)
-lining contains millions of gastric pits–> lead to gastric glands

53
Q

secretory cells lining the gastric glands make what?

A

gastric juices

54
Q

What are the 4 areas of the stomach?

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

55
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

-located where the stomach and small intestine join

56
Q

duodenum

A

-first part of the small intestine

57
Q

Greater curvature

A

-lateral curve of stomach where the greater omentum attaches here

58
Q

lesser curvature

A

-the medial curve of the stomach
-lesser omentum attaches here

59
Q

rugae

A

-large longitudinal folds of the inner lining that allow for distension of the stomach

60
Q

What are the three layers of muscle in the stomach wall

A
  1. oblique
    2.circular
  2. longitudinal
61
Q

Where are secretory cells located

A

-in gastric pits

62
Q

chief cells

A

-zymogenic cells
-produced pepsinogen (pepsin digest proteins)

63
Q

parietal cells

A

-produce HCL and intrinsic factor
-HCL kills microbes and denatures (unfolds) proteins
-intrinsic factors assist with the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

64
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

A

1.5-3

65
Q

Goblet cells

A

-produce mucous (to protect the lining of stomach)

66
Q

Small intestine

A

-named for its small diameter
-the longest segment of the digestive tract
-extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal sphincter (valve)

67
Q

What are parts of the small intestine contain

A
  1. duodenum (10ft)
  2. jejunum (8ft)
  3. ilium (12ft)
    total 22 ft
68
Q

plicae circulars

A

-circular folds
-seen in the lumen of the small intestine
-forces chyme to spiral through lumen
-slows movement and increases contact time

69
Q

villi

A

-fingerlike projections of the mucosa that extend into the lumen
-increasing surface area for absorption

70
Q

simple columnar epithelium in GI tract

A

-small intestine lined by one layer of column-shaped epithelial cells
-specialed for reabsorption of the nutrients-high rate of mitosis (cell division)
-renews every 2-4 days

71
Q

microvilli

A

-tiny surface projections of the surface cells (columnar epithelial cells) lining the small intestines
-increases the surface area for reabsorption of nutrients
-gives the mucosal surface a fuzzy appearance (referred to as the brush border)

72
Q

brush border enzymes

A

-attached to this surface (small intestine) complete the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

73
Q

intestinal crypts

A

-secrete intestinal juice (1-2 L absorbed/produced per day)
-stimulus for secretion: stretch or irritation
-mostly water and mucous
-contains few enzymes (produced by brush border)

74
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue present in the submucosa of the small intestine
-concentrations of white blood cells positioned to identify pathogens and initiate immune responses

75
Q

cecum

A

-blind-ended pouch that hands below the ileocecal valve

76
Q

appendix

A

-blind-ended tubular structure extending from the cecum
-walls contain MALT
-a storehouse for normal gut bacteria (normal flora)
-can become twisted or blockage which can lead to appendicitis

77
Q

What are the four areas of the colon

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
    3 descending colon
    4 sigmoid colon
78
Q

Characteristics of the large intestines

A

-5ft in length
-taeniae coli

79
Q

taeniae coli

A

-3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle within large intestine walls
-contraction of smooth muscle results in pocket-like sacs called haustra

80
Q

haustra

A

-series of pouches
-foodstuff travels from pouch to pouch as it dehydrates and becomes feces

81
Q

Functions of Large Intestine

A

-chemical digestion of non-digested carbohydrates
-accomplished by fermentation via normal flora (bacteria) –> gas (flatus)
-absorb water
-absorb vitamins B and K which are synthesize by normal flora (bacteria) here

82
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver

A
  1. right lobe
  2. left lobe
  3. caudate lobe
  4. quadrate lobe
83
Q

falciform ligament

A

-separates the right and left lobes and suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

84
Q

Liver

A

-each lobe is separated into lobules

85
Q

hepatocytes

A

-liver cells
-main functional cells of the liver
-they process nutrient-rich blood, detoxify the blood, store glucose as glycogen, produce plasma protein, store vitamins, and irons, produce bile

86
Q

sinusoids

A

-blood in sinusoids passes by hepatocytes
-allowing hepatocytes to perform blood-related functions (detoxifying)

87
Q

Kupfer cells

A

-macrophages
-sweep along inside sinusoids and remove debris and worn-out red blood cells

88
Q

central vein

A

-collects blood from sinusoids (blood processed by hepatocytes)
- blood from central veins ultimately delivered to hepatic veins –> inferior vena cava

89
Q

bile canaliculi

A

-collect bile produced by hepatocytes
-deliver the bile to microscopic bile ducts (at 6 corners of lobule)

90
Q

portal triad

A

-at each of the six corners of the lobule

91
Q

a branch of the portal arteriole

A

-delivers fresh oxygenated blood into sinusoids (for oxygen delivery to the hepatocytes)
-blood of the portal arterioles ultimately originated from the common hepatic artery

92
Q

a branch of the portal venule

A

-delivers nutrient-rich blood to sinusoids
-blood of the portal venules ultimately originated from the hepatic portal vein (draining the intestines)

93
Q

bile duct

A

-collects bile from bile canaliculi
-these microscopic bile ducts ultimately deliver the bile to the right and left hepatic ducts (which carry the bile out of the liver)

94
Q

carbohydrate digestion: mouth

A

site of action: mouth
enzyme: salivary amylase (ptyalin)
foodstuff: helps breakdown starch into oligosaccharides (dextrins)
*where digestion first starts

95
Q

Carbohydrate digestion: small intestine

A

site of action: small intestine
enzyme: pancreatic amylase
foodstuff: helps breakdown starch into oligosaccharides (dextrin)

enzyme: intestinal enzymes (dextrinase and glucoamylase) (brush border enzymes)
foodstuff: breaks down oligosaccharide (dextrins) into maltose

enzyme: intestinal enzymes (lactase) (sucrase)
foodstuff: breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose

96
Q

Maltose: gets broken down into

A

enzyme: maltase
broken into: glucose and glucose

97
Q

Sucrose: gets broken down into

A

enzyme: sucrase
broken into: glucose and fructose

98
Q

lactose: gets broken down into

A

enzyme: lactase
broken into: glucose and galactose

99
Q

chemical digestion of proteins: stomach

A

site of action: stomach
enzyme: pepsinogen which gets converted to pepsin by HCL
foodstuff: proteins get broken down into larger polypeptides

100
Q

chemical digestion of proteins: small intestine

A

site of action: small intestine
enzyme: trypsinogen –> trypsin
chymotrypsinogen –> chymotrypsin
procarboxypeptidase –> carboxypeptidase
foodstuff: breaks down larger polypeptides into small polypeptides (small peptides)
* enzymes are called enteropeptidase which is secreted by the cell lining of the duodenum and activates the enzymes

enzyme: intestinal enzymes (aminopeptidase dipeptide and carboxypeptidase) are brush border enzymes
foodstuff: amino acids

101
Q

digestion of lipids: small intestines

A

site of action: small intestines
enzyme: bile (not an enzyme)
foodstuff: bile emulsifies triglycerides into smaller fat droplets

enzyme: pancreatic lipase
foodstuff: lipase chemically breaks down smaller fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acids

102
Q

lingual lipase

A

-formally begins digestion of lipids in mouth

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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