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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

-collect leaked fluid and plasma proteins that have escaped from the cardiovascular system into the interstitial fluid
-up to 3 liters can be collected daily
-the clear fluid is called lymph once it enters the lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

What is lymph?

A

the clear fluid contained within the lymphatic vessels
-only flows one way toward the heart and through the lymph node

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3
Q

lymph nodes

A

-clean lymph as it passes through them
-lymph nodes are a type of lymphoid organ
-the structure and function of the lymphatic system overlap those of the immune system

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4
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. return leaked fluid and proteins to the blood
  2. filters and cleansing fluid before returning it to the blood
  3. carry absorbed fat from the small intestines to the blood through lacteals (type of lymphatic vessel)
  4. provide a structural and functional scaffolding in which the cells of the immune system operate
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5
Q

lymphatic capillaries: location

A

-microscopic lymphatic vessels composed of endothelial cells found between tissue cells and capillaries

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6
Q

What are some places lymphatic capillaries are not found?

A

-bone
-bone marrow
-teeth
-CNS

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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries: function

A

-collect excess interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries compared to blood capillaries

A

-carry lymph
-have one-way mini valves
-are blind-ended

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9
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

-same 3 tunics as arteries and veins
-most resemble small to medium-sized veins and similar branching patterns

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10
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

-formed by the union of the large collecting vessels that drain large areas of the body

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11
Q

What are the major lymphatic trunks?

A
  1. right and left lumbar
  2. right and left bronchomediastinal
  3. right and left subclavian
  4. right and left jugular
  5. intestinal
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12
Q

right lymphatic duct: drains

A

-drains the right-hand side of the head and neck, right upper arm, and right side of the chest
-enters the right subclavian vein

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13
Q

Thoracic duct: drains

A

-left side of the head and neck
-left arm and left side of the chest
-all of the abdominopelvic regions and both legs

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14
Q

Thoracic duct: location

A

-begins at the cisterna chyli (an enlarged sac)
-lymph from the lumbar and intestinal trunks pools into the cisterna chyli before continuing up the thoracic duct

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15
Q

Flow of lymph

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries
  2. lymphatic collecting vessels
  3. lymphatic trunk
  4. lymphatic duct
    -lymph enters venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular veins and subclavian vein on each side of the body
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16
Q

lymph formation and description

A

-excess interstitial fluid in tissues originates as leaked fluid from capillary beds
-once excess interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries is it renamed lymph
-lymph = clear water

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17
Q

Movement of lymph

A
  1. milking action of active skeletal muscles
  2. valves (prevent backflow)
  3. pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
  4. lymph moves into larger lymphatic vessels (less resistance so easier for lymph to move)
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18
Q

lymphedema

A

-results from obstruction of lymphatic vessels
-localized edema from blocked lymph flow

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19
Q

Examples of how someone can get lymphedema?

A

-removal of lymphatic vessels after surgery
-blockage of lymphatic vessels from tumors

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20
Q

lymphoid cells

A

-mainly immune system cells that protect against antigens

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21
Q

antigens

A

-a foreign marker (molecule) that provokes an immune response

22
Q

Example of antigens

A

-glycoproteins on RBC surfaces and toxins
-can also be found on or within pathogens (bacteria, viruses)

23
Q

T- lymphocytes (T-cells)

A

-help with immune response
-attack foreign cells

24
Q

B-lymphocytes (B-cells)

A

-give rise to plasma cells
-secrete antibodies

25
Q

macrophages

A

-phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T-cells

26
Q

dendritic cells

A

-capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph node to help activate the immune system

27
Q

reticular cells

A

-similar to fibroblast, produce reticular fibers to support other lymphoid tissues

28
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

-composed of loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue
-found in all lymphoid organs except the thymus

29
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

-no capsule
-scattered throughout the body’s connective tissue
-found in almost every organ

30
Q

lymphatic follicles

A

-oval concentration of lymphatic tissue
-can be encapsulated
-found in lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix, respiratory system, genitourinary organs

31
Q

lymph nodes: description

A

-oval masses of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels
-has a dense fibrous capsule
-always more afferent (approaching) vessels than efferent (exiting) vessels
-the clean lymph exits the node at the hilum through efferent vessels

32
Q

lymph node: function

A

-filter (cleanse) and initiates an immune response

33
Q

the shape and size of a lymph node

A

-bean-shaped
-about 600 embedded in connective tissue, containing a network of reticular fibers supporting groups of lymphocytes
-size: <2.5 cm (1 inch) in length

34
Q

trabeculae

A

-extensions of the capsule that invaginates and divide the lymph node into compartments

35
Q

Parts of a lymph node

A
  1. cortex: outer region (contains follicles with germinal centers packed with dividing B cells
  2. Sinuses: irregular spaces through which lymph moves and is cleansed
  3. medulla: medullary sinuses and medullary cords
36
Q

medullary sinuses

A

-lymph from cortical sinuses passes through medullary sinuses

37
Q

medullary cords

A

-regions of densely packed lymphocytes

38
Q

spleen

A

-largest lymphatic organ
-near the stomach in the abdominal cavity
-located in the left upper quadrant
-inferior to the diaphragm
-soft blood-rich organ the size of a fist
-very vascular and easily damaged (if removed, the liver takes over its function)

39
Q

The function of the spleen

A
  1. site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
  2. cemetery for warn out RBC and platelets
  3. erythrocyte (RBC) reservoir
  4. macrophages remove bacteria, viruses, toxins
  5. produces RBCs for the fetus
  6. recycles RBC components such as iron for reuse
  7. stores platelets and monocytes for release into the blood when needed
40
Q

Thymus: location

A

-in the mediastinum deep to the sternum
-has no follicles since it lacks B-cells (B lymphocytes)

41
Q

Thymus: description

A

-bilobed structure
-stroma is epithelial tissue (instead of reticular CT)
-epithelial cells provide the physical and chemical environment in which T-cells (T- lymphocytes) mature

42
Q

Thymus: functions

A

-produces the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin
-a site where T-lymphocytes become immunocompetent
-only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens
-most active in children and progressively trophies after puberty

43
Q

Tonsils

A

-ring of lymphatic tissue embedded in mucosa of the pharynx
-appears as swellings in the mucosa
-simplest of follicular lymphoid tissue (since it is not fully encapsulated)

44
Q

3 major pairs of tonsils

A
  1. pharyngeal tonsils
  2. lingual tonsils
  3. palatine tonsils
45
Q

pharyngeal tonsils

A

-in nasopharynx
-may cause you to snore if they become swollen
-located posterior to nasal cavity

46
Q

lingual tonsils

A

at the base of tongue

47
Q

palatine tonsils

A

-largest
-located posterior or the oral cavity
-most often infected

48
Q

tubal tonsils

A

-located surrounding openings of auditory tubes in nasopharynx

49
Q

Function of tonsils

A

-to destroy and remove pathogens entering the pharynx in inhaled air and food

50
Q

peyer’s patches

A

clusters of lymph nodes in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine

51
Q

appendix

A

-hangs of cecum at the beginning of the large intestine
-helps to protect the digestive system
-generates many memory B cells that recognize different antigens

52
Q

Mucosa- Associated lymphatic tissue

A
  1. peyer’s patches
  2. appendix
  3. tonsils (in mucosa of pharynx (throat)
  4. Lymphoid follicles of respiratory system
  5. lymphoid follicles of genitourinary system

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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