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Medical Terminology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

the major waste product of protein metabolism

A

urea

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3
Q

a waste product of muscle metabolism

A

creatinine

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4
Q

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 urethra

A

urinary tract

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5
Q

the reproductive system and the urinary tract

A

genitourinary tract

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6
Q

bean-shaped organs that constantly filter the blood to remove waster products and excess water which is excreted urine that is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes

A

kidneys

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7
Q

pertaining to the kidneys

A

renal

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8
Q

behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneal

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9
Q

the outer region of the kidney; contains more than 1 million microscopic units called nephrons

A

renal cortex

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10
Q

the inner region of the kidney; contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

A

medulla

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11
Q

the inner region of the kidney; contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

A

medulla

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12
Q

the microscopic functional units of each kidney; here, the urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

A

nephrons

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13
Q

a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane and a renal tubule

A

glomerulus

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14
Q

where blood enters the kidneys and flows into the nephrons

A

renal artery

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15
Q

where the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream

A

renal vein

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16
Q

the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla; where newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters

A

renal pelvis

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17
Q

2 narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureters

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18
Q

a series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder

A

peristalsis

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19
Q

where urine drains from the ureters into the bladder

A

ureteral orifices

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20
Q

an oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body; located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphesis

A

urinary bladder

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21
Q

lines the rubber; allow it to expand when full and contract when empty

A

rugae

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22
Q

the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

A

urethra

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23
Q

muscular rings that control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus; one located on either end of the urethra

A

urinary sphincters

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24
Q

the external opening of the urethra

A

urethral meatus

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25
Q

approximately 1.5 inches long, located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; transports only urine

A

female urethra

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26
Q

approximately 8 inches long, located at the tip of the penis, transports both urine and semen

A

male urethra

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27
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

A

nephrologist

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28
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

A

urologist

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29
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

A

urologist

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30
Q

any disease of the kidney, includes both degenerative and inflammatory conditions

A

nephropathy

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31
Q

(kidney failure) the inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions; the body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure

A

renal failure

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32
Q

an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney; uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic

A

azotemia

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33
Q

(uremic poisoning) a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waster products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

A

uremia

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34
Q

(ARF) sudden onset and characterized by uremia; can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or severe infection

A

acute renal failure

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35
Q

(CKD) the progressive loss of renal function over months or years; may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease

A

chronic kidney disease

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36
Q

(ESRD) the final stage of chronic kidney disease; fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant

A

end-stage kidney disease

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37
Q

a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through urine; usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

A

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

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38
Q

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases

A

edema

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39
Q

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

A

hyperproteinuria

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40
Q

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the urine

A

hypoproteinuria

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41
Q

the dilation of one or both kidneys; can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith or a stricture in the ureter

A

hydronephrosis

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42
Q

an inflammation of the kidney(s); can be caused by toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease

A

nephritis

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43
Q

a type of nephritis caused by the inflammation of the glomeruli that causes RBCs and proteins to leak into the urine

A

glomerulonephritis

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44
Q

(floating kidney) the prolapse of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

A

nephroptosis

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45
Q

(pyonephrosis) suppuration of the kidney

A

nephropyosis

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46
Q

(PKD) a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

A

polycystic kidney disease

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47
Q

an acute pain in the kidney that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith

A

renal colic

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48
Q

a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children; high cure rate when treated promptly

A

Wilms tumor

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49
Q

(calculus) an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located

A

stone

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50
Q

the presence of stones in the kidney

A

nephrolithiasis

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51
Q

kidney stone or renal calculus

A

nephrolith

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52
Q

a stone located anywhere along the ureter

A

ureterolith

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53
Q

a stone located within the urinary bladder

A

cystolith

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54
Q

the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked; always accompanies hydronephrosis

A

hydroureter

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55
Q

the distention of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities

A

ureterectasis

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56
Q

the discharge of blood from the ureter

A

ureterorrhagia

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57
Q

(cytodynia) pain in the bladder

A

cystalgia

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58
Q

(prolapsed bladder) a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; sometimes occurs as a result of pregnancy or childbirth

A

cystocele

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59
Q

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

A

interstitial cystitis

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60
Q

(VUR) the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder; most common in infants and children

A

vesicoureteral reflux

61
Q

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina; ay be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery such as a hysterectomy

A

vesicovaginal fistula

62
Q

a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

A

neurogenic bladder

63
Q

(BPH, enlarged prostate) an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than 50; can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men

A

benign prostatic hyperplagia

64
Q

a disorder resulting from the compression of obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

prostatism

65
Q

one of the most common cancers among men; can slowly grow with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body

A

prostate cancer

66
Q

a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

A

prostatitis

67
Q

bleeding from the urethra

A

urethrorrhagia

68
Q

an abnormal discharge from the urethra; associated with some sexually transmitted diseases

A

urethrorrhea

69
Q

(urethral stricture) narrowing of the urethra; occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury

A

urethrostenosis

70
Q

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in males, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis; in females, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris

A

epispadias

71
Q

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in males, the urethral opening is located on the ventral surface of the penis; in females, the urethra opens into the vagina

A

hypospadias

72
Q

(UTI) usually begins in the bladder

A

urinary tract infection

73
Q

an inflammation of the bladder

A

cystitis

74
Q

an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney

A

pyelonephritis

75
Q

an inflammation of the urethra

A

urethritis

76
Q

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction

A

anuria

77
Q

the increased output of urine

A

diuresis

78
Q

difficult or painful urination frequently associated with UTIs

A

dysuria

79
Q

the involuntary discharge of urine

A

enuresis

80
Q

(bed-wetting) urinary incontinence during sleep

A

nocturnal enuresis

81
Q

frequent and excessive urination during the night

A

nocturia

82
Q

scanty urination; can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction

A

oliguria

83
Q

excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

A

polyuria

84
Q

difficulty in starting a urinary stream; most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands

A

urinary hesitancy

85
Q

in younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present

A

bashful bladder syndrome

86
Q

(ischuria) the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

A

urinary retention

87
Q

the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both

A

incontinence

88
Q

the inability to control the voiding of urine

A

urinary incontinence

89
Q

the continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not completely empty

A

overflow incontinence

90
Q

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

A

stress incontinence

91
Q

(OAB, urge incontinence) occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate

A

overactive bladder

92
Q

urinalysis

A

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements; also used to detect drugs and pregnancy

93
Q

the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

A

bladder ultrasound

94
Q

the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic procedures or drain urine

A

urinary catheterization

95
Q

the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized endoscope known as a cystoscope which is also used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged prostate gland

A

cytoscopy

96
Q

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra; often performed after cystography

A

voiding cystourethrography

97
Q

the use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys

A

nephrotomography

98
Q

(GFR) a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood

A

glomerular filtration rate

99
Q

(BUN) a indicator of kidney function

A

blood urea nitrogen test

100
Q

a radiographic, x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is installed via a urethral catheter

A

cystography

101
Q

(excretory urography) a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters; used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors, and internal injuries after an abdominal trauma

A

intravenous pyelography

102
Q

(IVP) a contract medium is administered intravenously to clearly define the kidneys and ureters

A

intravenous pyelogram

103
Q

(KUB/ flat-plate of the abdomen) a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium; used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths; a KUB x-ray does not show the ureters

A

kidneys, ureter, bladder

104
Q

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium had been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused flow upward through the urinary tract

A

retrograde urography

105
Q

performed on men using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancers o tumors of the rectum

A

digital rectal examination

106
Q

(PSA blood test) used to screen for prostate cancer; the higher a man’s PSA level, the more likely cancer is present

A

prostate-specific antigen blood test

107
Q

a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquify semen

A

prostate-specific antigen

108
Q

medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

A

diuretics

109
Q

used to treat UTIs

A

antibiotics

110
Q

block the signals that cause urinary incontinence

A

antispasmodics

111
Q

a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function

A

dialysis

112
Q

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood; most common type of dialysis

A

hemodialysis

113
Q

treatment performed on an external hemodialysis unit

A

artificial kidney

114
Q

an artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis unit

A

shunt

115
Q

a sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes; cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids

A

dialysate

116
Q

the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

A

peritoneal dialysis

117
Q

(CAPD) provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

118
Q

(CCPD or APD) uses a machine to cycle the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps

A

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis or automated peritoneal dialysis

119
Q

the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

A

nephrolysis

120
Q

(nephrorrhaphy) the surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney

A

nephropexy

121
Q

the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis to one of both kidneys to the exterior of the body

A

nephrostomy

122
Q

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis

A

pyelotomy

123
Q

(kidney transplant) the grafting of a donor kidney into the part of the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys

A

renal transplantation

124
Q

(ESWL) the most common kidney stone treatment; high0energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments, which are excreted in the urine

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

125
Q

the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

A

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

126
Q

the surgical removal of a ureter

A

ureterectomy

127
Q

the surgical suturing of a ureter

A

ureterorrhaphy

128
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder; usually performed to treat bladder cancer

A

cystectomy

129
Q

(urinary ileostomy) the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

A

ileal conduit

130
Q

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

A

cystopexy

131
Q

the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder

A

cystorrhaphy

132
Q

a surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith

A

lithotomy

133
Q

(cathing) performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into the bladder

A

urinary catheterization

134
Q

remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need; can either be a urethral or a suprapubic catheter

A

indwelling catheter

135
Q

performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter through a urethra and into the bladder

A

urethral catheterization

136
Q

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

A

suprapubic catheterization

137
Q

most common type of indwelling catheter; this device is made up of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder; commonly used in post surgical patients

A

Foley catheter

138
Q

(short-term catheter) inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

A

intermittent catheter

139
Q

a surgical incision made into the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

A

meatotomy

140
Q

the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

A

urethroplasty

141
Q

a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

A

urethrotomy

142
Q

term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer; involves the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods

A

ablation

143
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland; can lead to erectile difficulties

A

prostatectomy

144
Q

the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected

A

radial prostatectomy

145
Q

(TURP) the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope

A

transurethral prostatectomy

146
Q

when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of through the penis; most common long-term complication of TURP

A

retrograde ejeculation

147
Q

a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor

A

Kegal exercises

148
Q

behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule

A

bladder retraining

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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