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Medical Terminology > The Human Body in Health and Disease > Flashcards

The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

t

the genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child

A

genetics

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2
Q

t

a group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions

A

tissues

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3
Q

t

a group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions

A

glands

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4
Q

t

the study of nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function

A

pathology

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5
Q

t

invisible line that splits the body into equal left and right halves

A

midsagittal plane

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6
Q

t

invisible line divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

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7
Q

t

invisible line that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

A

frontal plane

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8
Q

t

invisible line that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

A

sagittal plane

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9
Q

t

abdomen

A

abdomin/o

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10
Q

t

pelv-

A

pelvis

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11
Q

t

relating to the groin, lower area of the abdomen

A

inguinal

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12
Q

t

covered by the lower ribs, below the ribs

A

hypochondriac region

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13
Q

t

located above the stomach

A

epigastric region

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14
Q

t

located near the inward curve of the spine, between the ribs and pelvis

A

lumbar region

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15
Q

t

surrounds the umbilicus

A

umbilical region

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16
Q

t

located near the hip bones

A

iliac region

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17
Q

t

below the stomach

A

hypogastric region

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18
Q

t

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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19
Q

t

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

A

parietal paritoneum

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20
Q

t

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

A

mesentery peritoneum

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21
Q

t

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

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22
Q

t

located behind the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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23
Q

t

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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24
Q

t

basic structural and functional units of the body

A

cells

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25
Q

t

tissue that surrounds and protects the content of a cell from the external environment

A

cell membrane

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26
Q

t

material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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27
Q

t

controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide

A

nucleus

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28
Q

t

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

A

stem cell

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29
Q

t

(somatic stem cells) undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in the tissue or organ

A

adult stem cells

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30
Q

t

adult stem cells that have the ability to form any adult cell

A

embryonic stem cells

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31
Q

t

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

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32
Q

t

complete set of genetic information of an organism

A

genome

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33
Q

t

a genetic structure of located within the nucleus of each cell

A

chromosome

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34
Q

t

any cell in the body except the gametes

A

somatic cell

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35
Q

t

(sex cell) only cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes

A

gamete cell

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36
Q

t

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

A

genetic mutation

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37
Q

t

change within the cells of the body

A

somatic cell mutation

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38
Q

t

change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

A

gametic cell mutation

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39
Q

t

manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

A

genetic engineering

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40
Q

t

(hereditary disorder) pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

A

genetic disorder

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41
Q

t

(CF) a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

A

cystic fibrosis

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42
Q

t

(DS) a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease

A

Down Syndrome

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43
Q

t

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

A

hemophilia

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44
Q

t

(HD) causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear in midlife, results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities

A

Huntington’s disease

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45
Q

t

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

A

muscular dystrophy

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46
Q

t

a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive system enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

A

phenylketonuria

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47
Q

t

the microscopic study of the structure , composition, and function of tissues

A

histology

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48
Q

t

tissue that forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

A

epithelial tissue

49
Q

t

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

A

epithelium

50
Q

t

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

A

endothelium

51
Q

t

tissue that supports and connects organs and other body tissues

A

connective tissue

52
Q

t

tissue that forms the joints and framework of the body

A

dense connective tissue

53
Q

t

(fat) tissue that provides protective padding, insulation, and support

A

adipose tissue

54
Q

t

tissue that surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

A

lose tissue

55
Q

t

blood and lymph tissue, transports nutrients and waste products throughout the body

A

liquid tissue

56
Q

t

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

A

muscle

57
Q

t

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

A

nerves

58
Q

t

the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

A

aplasia

59
Q

t

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

A

hypoplasia

60
Q

t

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

A

anaplasia

61
Q

t

the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

A

dysplasia

62
Q

t

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

A

hyperplasia

63
Q

t

general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues

A

hypertrophy

64
Q

t

secretes chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

A

exocrine gland

65
Q

t

glands that produce hormones, do not have ducts, or goes directly into blood stream

A

endocrine gland

66
Q

t

inflammation of a gland

A

adenitis

67
Q

t

malignant tumor that originates in a glandular tissue

A

adenocarcinoma

68
Q

t

benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

A

adenoma

69
Q

t

the abnormal softening of a gland

A

adenomalacia

70
Q

t

any disease or condition of a gland

A

adenosis

71
Q

t

the abnormal hardening of a gland

A

adenosclerosis

72
Q

t

the surgical removal of a gland

A

adenectomy

73
Q

t

the study of the causes of diesases

A

etiology

74
Q

t

a disease-producing microorganism (such as a virus)

A

pathogen

75
Q

t

(CD) any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects; contagious

A

communicable disease

76
Q

t

refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

A

indirect contact

77
Q

t

the spread of a disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood (HIV, STDs, etc.)

A

bloodborne contamination

78
Q

t

the spread of disease such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a person or object nearly

A

droplet contamination

79
Q

t

contamination occurs through contact with germs floating in the air

A

airborne contamination

80
Q

t

(fecal-oral transmission) contamination caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination

A

food-borne/waterborne contamination

81
Q

t

the spread of certain disease due to the bite of the vector

A

vector-borne contamination

82
Q

t

a specialist in the study of outbreaks

A

epidemiologist

83
Q

t

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

A

endemic

84
Q

t

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

A

epidemic

85
Q

t

an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

A

pandemic

86
Q

t

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

A

functional disorder

87
Q

t

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

A

iatrogenic illness

88
Q

t

an illness without known cause

A

idiopathic disorder

89
Q

t

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

A

infectious disease

90
Q

t

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

A

nosocomial infection

91
Q

t

produces symptoms caused by detectible physical changes in the body

A

organic disorder

92
Q

t

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

A

congenital disorder

93
Q

t

(birth defect) can result in an anomaly or malformation

A

developmental disorder

94
Q

t

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

A

anomaly

95
Q

t

a congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

A

atresia

96
Q

t

the mother’s health, behavior, and prenatal medical care she does/does not receive before delivery

A

prenatal influences

97
Q

t

the study of the medical problems and care of older people

A

gerontology/geriatrics

98
Q

t

after death

A

postmortem

99
Q

t

(GP or family practice physician) provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

A

general practitioner

100
Q

t

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs

A

internist

101
Q

t

physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children

A

pediatrician

102
Q

t

(NP) a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider

A

nurse practitioner

103
Q

t

(PA) a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician

A

physician assistant

104
Q

t

schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant

A

medical receptionist

105
Q

t

(clinical medical assistant) performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical information, measuring vitals, administering injections and drawing blood

A

medical assistant

106
Q

t

reviews patients’ medical records and assigns appropriate codes for treatment and services

A

medical coder

107
Q

t

(ER/ED) focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions

A

emergency room

108
Q

t

(EMT) works in pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in the ER

A

emergency physician technician

109
Q

t

(RN) works in a variety of health care settings; assesses patients and provides care following a doctor’s orders

A

registered nurse

110
Q

t

(LVN/LPN) works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care

A

licensed vocational nurse

111
Q

t

(CNA) works under an RN to provide basic patient care

A

certified nursing assistant

112
Q

t

dispenses prescribes medication to patients

A

pharmacist

113
Q

t

(ICU/CCU) provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients

A

intensive care unit

114
Q

t

physician specializing in the care of ICU patients

A

intensivist

115
Q

t

physician focusing on the general care of hospitalized patients

A

hospitalist

116
Q

t

unit provides continuous monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care

A

telemetry

117
Q

t

(med/surg) provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continues drug therapy or monitoring

A

medical/surgical unit

118
Q

t

development

A

-trophy

119
Q

t

development

A

-plasia

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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