The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards
t
the genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child
genetics
t
a group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions
tissues
t
a group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions
glands
t
the study of nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function
pathology
t
invisible line that splits the body into equal left and right halves
midsagittal plane
t
invisible line divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
t
invisible line that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal plane
t
invisible line that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
sagittal plane
t
abdomen
abdomin/o
t
pelv-
pelvis
t
relating to the groin, lower area of the abdomen
inguinal
t
covered by the lower ribs, below the ribs
hypochondriac region
t
located above the stomach
epigastric region
t
located near the inward curve of the spine, between the ribs and pelvis
lumbar region
t
surrounds the umbilicus
umbilical region
t
located near the hip bones
iliac region
t
below the stomach
hypogastric region
t
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
t
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
parietal paritoneum
t
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
mesentery peritoneum
t
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
t
located behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
t
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
t
basic structural and functional units of the body
cells
t
tissue that surrounds and protects the content of a cell from the external environment
cell membrane
t
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
t
controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide
nucleus
t
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
stem cell
t
(somatic stem cells) undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in the tissue or organ
adult stem cells
t
adult stem cells that have the ability to form any adult cell
embryonic stem cells
t
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
t
complete set of genetic information of an organism
genome
t
a genetic structure of located within the nucleus of each cell
chromosome
t
any cell in the body except the gametes
somatic cell
t
(sex cell) only cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes
gamete cell
t
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic mutation
t
change within the cells of the body
somatic cell mutation
t
change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children
gametic cell mutation
t
manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
genetic engineering
t
(hereditary disorder) pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
genetic disorder
t
(CF) a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
cystic fibrosis
t
(DS) a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
Down Syndrome
t
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
hemophilia
t
(HD) causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear in midlife, results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities
Huntington’s disease
t
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
muscular dystrophy
t
a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive system enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
phenylketonuria
t
the microscopic study of the structure , composition, and function of tissues
histology
t
tissue that forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
epithelial tissue
t
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
epithelium
t
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
endothelium
t
tissue that supports and connects organs and other body tissues
connective tissue
t
tissue that forms the joints and framework of the body
dense connective tissue
t
(fat) tissue that provides protective padding, insulation, and support
adipose tissue
t
tissue that surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
lose tissue
t
blood and lymph tissue, transports nutrients and waste products throughout the body
liquid tissue
t
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
muscle
t
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
nerves
t
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
aplasia
t
the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
hypoplasia
t
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
anaplasia
t
the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
dysplasia
t
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
hyperplasia
t
general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues
hypertrophy
t
secretes chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
exocrine gland
t
glands that produce hormones, do not have ducts, or goes directly into blood stream
endocrine gland
t
inflammation of a gland
adenitis
t
malignant tumor that originates in a glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
t
benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
adenoma
t
the abnormal softening of a gland
adenomalacia
t
any disease or condition of a gland
adenosis
t
the abnormal hardening of a gland
adenosclerosis
t
the surgical removal of a gland
adenectomy
t
the study of the causes of diesases
etiology
t
a disease-producing microorganism (such as a virus)
pathogen
t
(CD) any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects; contagious
communicable disease
t
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
indirect contact
t
the spread of a disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood (HIV, STDs, etc.)
bloodborne contamination
t
the spread of disease such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a person or object nearly
droplet contamination
t
contamination occurs through contact with germs floating in the air
airborne contamination
t
(fecal-oral transmission) contamination caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination
food-borne/waterborne contamination
t
the spread of certain disease due to the bite of the vector
vector-borne contamination
t
a specialist in the study of outbreaks
epidemiologist
t
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
endemic
t
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
epidemic
t
an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
pandemic
t
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
functional disorder
t
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
iatrogenic illness
t
an illness without known cause
idiopathic disorder
t
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
infectious disease
t
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
nosocomial infection
t
produces symptoms caused by detectible physical changes in the body
organic disorder
t
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
congenital disorder
t
(birth defect) can result in an anomaly or malformation
developmental disorder
t
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
anomaly
t
a congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
atresia
t
the mother’s health, behavior, and prenatal medical care she does/does not receive before delivery
prenatal influences
t
the study of the medical problems and care of older people
gerontology/geriatrics
t
after death
postmortem
t
(GP or family practice physician) provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
general practitioner
t
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs
internist
t
physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
pediatrician
t
(NP) a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider
nurse practitioner
t
(PA) a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician
physician assistant
t
schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant
medical receptionist
t
(clinical medical assistant) performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical information, measuring vitals, administering injections and drawing blood
medical assistant
t
reviews patients’ medical records and assigns appropriate codes for treatment and services
medical coder
t
(ER/ED) focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions
emergency room
t
(EMT) works in pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in the ER
emergency physician technician
t
(RN) works in a variety of health care settings; assesses patients and provides care following a doctor’s orders
registered nurse
t
(LVN/LPN) works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care
licensed vocational nurse
t
(CNA) works under an RN to provide basic patient care
certified nursing assistant
t
dispenses prescribes medication to patients
pharmacist
t
(ICU/CCU) provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients
intensive care unit
t
physician specializing in the care of ICU patients
intensivist
t
physician focusing on the general care of hospitalized patients
hospitalist
t
unit provides continuous monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
telemetry
t
(med/surg) provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continues drug therapy or monitoring
medical/surgical unit
t
development
-trophy
t
development
-plasia
