The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
lymph; the fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues
lymph/o
lymphatic vessels and ducts; the capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous system
lymphangi/o
lymph nodes; bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system
lymphaden/o
tonsils and adenoids; lymphatic structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system
tonsill/o, adenoid/o
spleen; a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems
splen/o
bone marrow; produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells)
myel/o
lymphocytes; specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions
lymphocyt/o
thymus; a gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems
thym/o
against
anti-
cancerous
carcin/o
immune, protection, safe
immun/o
new, strange
neo-, ne/o
tumor
-oma, onco-
eat, swallow
phag/o
formative material
-plasm
flesh, connective tissue
sarc/o
pertaining to
-tic
poison, poisonous
tox/o
small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine
villi
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
lacteals
(intercellular fluid or tissue fluid) plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues
interstitial fluid
the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid; clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
lymph
microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
lymphatic capillaries
located deeper within the tissues; valves prevent backward flow of lymph
lymphatic vessels
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant, and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian
right lymphatic duct
largest lymphatic vessel in the body; collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant, the left arm, and the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs; empties into the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
the proximal part of the main part of the arm
subclavian vein
located along the sides of the neck
cervical lymph nodes
neck
cervic
located under the arms in the area known as the armpits
axillary lymph nodes
armpit
axill
located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
inguinal lymph nodes
(lymphoid cells) leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; work together with the body’s organs to defend the body against antigens
lymphocytes
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
antigen
the process of becoming mature
maturation
to be modified to perform a specific function
differentiation
(NK cells) play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
natural killer cells
(B lymphocytes) specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies; when it confronts with the antigen that it is coded to destroy, it becomes a plasma cell
B cells
develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
plasma cells
(T lymphocytes) get their name from their origin in the thymus; play a central role in cell-mediated immunity
T cells
a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells
cytokines
(INFs) produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses
interferons
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
interleukins
pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue
lymphoid
three masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat; prevents pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth
tonsils
(nasopharyngeal tonsils) located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx
adenoids
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
palatine tonsils
describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
palatine
located at the base of the tongue; not readily visible
lingual tonsils
pertaining the tongue
lingual
a mass of lymphatic tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age
thymus
(appendix) hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine; may play an important role in the immune system
veriform apendix
a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach
spleen
function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
hemolytic
disease-producing microorganisms
pathogens
substances that produce allergic reactions
allergens
poisonous or harmful substances
toxins
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
malignant cells
wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body; covered with an acid mantle
intact skin
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system; tonsils protect the throat; coughing and sneezing help expel foreign matter
respiratory system
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
digestive system
specialized white blood cells work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
lymphatic system
(immune reaction) involves binding antigens to antibodies
antigen-antibody recation
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
tolerance
(immunoglobulin) a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
antibody
bind with specific antigen in the antigen-antibody reaction; 5 primary types
immunoglobulin
(IgG) most abundant class; found in blood serum and lymph; active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles
immunoglobulin G
(IgA) produced predominantly against ingested antigens; found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and the function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs
immunoglobulin A
(IgM) found in circulating body fluids; the first antibody to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen
immunoglobulin M
(IgD) found only on the surface of B cell; important in B cell activation
immunoglobulin D
(IgE) produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes; responsible for allergic reaction
immunoglobulin E
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
phagocytes
leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells; also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells
macrophage
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
dendritic cells
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form
complement system
the state of being resistant to a specific disease; natural or acquired
immunity
(passive) resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease; present at birth and can be augmented when the breastmilk passes from a nursing mother to her body
natural immunity
obtained by having had a contagious disease; being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against a disease without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease
acquired immunity
a preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened
vaccine
specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
allergist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
immunologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
lymphologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
oncologist
(swollen glands) an inflammation of the lymph nodes; frequently an indication of an infection
lymphadenitis
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
lymphadenopathy
a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
lymphangioma
a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually a result of a direct blow to the abdomen
ruptured spleen
bleeding from the spleen
splenorrhagia
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
lymphoscintigraphy
swelling of the tissues due to the abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
lymphedema
