The Muscular System Flashcards
t
long, slender cells that make up muscles
muscle fibers
t
a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
fascia
t
means pertaining to the muscle tissue and fascia
myofascial
t
narrow band of non-elastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
tendon
t
attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella
patellar tendon
t
attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone
Achilles tendon
t
a sheet-like fibrous tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
aponeurosis
t
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible; voluntary muscles or striated (striped) muscles
skeletal muscles
t
located in the walls of internal organs; their function it to move/ control the fluids through these structures; involuntary/unstriated/visceral muscles
smooth muscles
t
form the muscular walls of the heart (myocardium/cardiac muscle); causes the heart to beat
myocardial muscles
t
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve which enables the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract
muscle innervation
t
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
neuromuscular
t
working in opposition to each other
antagonistic
t
tightening of a muscle
contraction
t
when a muscle returns to its original form
relaxation
t
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
abduction
t
movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
adduction
t
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb or joint
flexion
t
increasing the angle between two bones by straightening a limb
extension
t
extreme or overextension of a body part beyond its normal limit
hyperextension
t
the act of raising or lifting a body part
elevation
t
the act of lowering a body part
depression
t
a circular movement around its axis
rotation
t
an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body
axis
t
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
circumduction
t
palm up; foot turned forward or upward
supination
t
palm down; foot turned downward or backward
pronation
t
movement that bends foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
t
movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantarflexion
t
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
t
where a muscle begins; less moveable; near midline
origin
t
where the muscle ends; more moveable; farthest from midline
insertion
t
muscle that helps bend the neck and rotate the head
sternocleidomastoid
t
wrist
carpi
t
chest
pectoral
t
think, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
pectoralis major
t
toward the side
lateralis
t
toward the midline
medialis
t
slanted or at an angle
oblique
t
straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
rectus
t
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sphincter
t
crosswise direction
transverse
t
two divisions
bi-
t
three divisions
tri-
t
head
-ceps
t
large
maximus
t
located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle
deltoid muscle
t
back upper leg; knee flexion and hip extension; biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
hamstrings
t
(occipitofrontalis) muscle in the forehead that raises and lowers the eyebrows
frontalis
t
moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
temporalis
t
one of the strongest muscles in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
masseter
t
muscles found in the abdomen
external oblique and internal oblique
t
muscle that flexes the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
rectus abdominis
t
(core muscle) located on the side of the abdomen
transverse abdominis
t
forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
deltoid
t
moves the head and shoulder blade
trapezius
t
muscle located in the anterior the upper arm, flexes the elbow
biceps brachii
t
located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow
triceps brachii
t
extends the leg at the knee
rectus femoris
t
4 muscles which flex and extend the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris
t
involved in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstrings
t
calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward
gastrocnemius
t
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
t
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
t
(OT) helps to enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
occupational therapist
t
a physician who specialized in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
physiatrist
t
restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
rehabilitation
t
(PT) provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therapist
t
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
sports medicine physician
t
inflammation of a fascia
fasciitis
t
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
fibromyalgia
t
a condition that causes weakness
debilitating
t
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenosynovitis
t
inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
tendinitis/tendonitis
t
(CFS) a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems (myalgic encephalomyelitis); characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bedrest
chronic fatigue syndrome
t
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
adhesion
t
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
t
tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia
t
herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
myocele
t
-cele
hernia
t
the degeneration of muscle tissue
myolysis
t
the rupture or tearing of a muscle
myorrhexis
t
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many body parts
polymyositis
t
a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
rhabdomyolysis
t
striated muscle
rhabdomy/o
t
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
sarcopenia
t
the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
muscle tone
t
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
t
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
t
a condition in which there is diminished tone of skeletal muscles
hypotonia
t
the lack of coordination during voluntary movement
ataxia
t
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues
contracture
t
pain in the led muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
intermittent claudication
t
coming and going in intervals
intermittent
t
limping
claudication
t
any sudden, involuntary contracture of one or more muscles
spasm
t
repeated spasm
tic
t
quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle group or muscles
myoclonus
t
violent action
clon
t
(hiccups) myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
singultus
t
painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause (charley horse)
cramp
t
(wryneck) stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
torticollis
t
extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
t
slow
brady-
t
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dyskinesia
t
(hyperactivity) abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia
t
chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Myasthenia gravis
t
describes a group of 30+ genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system
muscular dystrophy
t
(DMD) the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
t
(BMD) very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy
t
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work
repetitive stress disorder
t
the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to the swelling within the “compartment,” an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
compartment syndrome
t
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse injury
t
an inflammation of tendons due to excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis
t
overuse injusy
stress fracture
t
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
myofascial pain syndrome
t
tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle
trigger points
t
pain the originates in one body part but is felt in another
referred pain
t
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
t
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff (tennis shoulder or pitcher’s shoulder)
rotator cuff tendinitis
t
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if overuse continues
ruptured rotator cuff
t
occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel syndrome
t
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
carpal tunnel release
t
harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
Ganglion cyst
t
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
t
“tennis elbow”
lateral epicondylitis
t
“golfer’s elbow”
medial epicondylitis
t
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (can cause plantar fasciitis)
heel spur
t
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
plantar fasciitis
t
injury to a ligament
sprain
t
injury to a tendon
strain
t
painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior tearing away from the tibia
shinsplint
t
strain or tear on any of the hamstring muscles
hamstring injury
t
inflammation of the Achilles tendon
Achilles tendinitis
t
overuse injury
iliotibial band syndrome
t
(SCI) determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
spinal cord injury
t
person has some function below the level of the injury, even though that function isn’t normal
incomplete spinal cord injury
t
complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of injury
complete spinal cord injury
t
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply (can be temporary or permanent)
paralysis
t
weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myoparesis
t
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
hemiparesis
t
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body (associated with stroke or brain damage)
hemiplegia
t
paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
paraplegia
t
paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegia
t
(DFRs) tested with a reflex hammer
deep tendon reflexes
t
an involuntary response to a stimulus
reflex
t
test to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
range-of-motion testing
t
(EMG) measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation; electromyogram
electromyography
t
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
muscle biopsy
t
(anticholinergic) administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
example: atropine
antispasmodic
t
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by sprains, strains, or other muscle injuries
skeletal muscle relaxant
t
drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
neuromuscular blocker
t
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
t
specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
myofascial release
t
high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
t
(TENS) uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in muscles
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
t
rest, ice, compression, elevation
R.I.C.E
t
surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fasciotomy
t
surgical repair to the fascia
fascioplasty
t
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenodesis
t
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenolysis
t
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
t
surgical incision into a tendon
tenotomy
t
(PNT) used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon
ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy
t
therapy in which some of the patient’s blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow during healing
platelet-rich plasma therapy
t
surgical suturing of a muscle
myorrhaphy
t
surgical incision into a muscle
myotomy
t
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
muscles
t
fasci/o
fascia
t
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendons
