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Medical Terminology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

mouth; preparation of food for digestion

A

or/o

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2
Q

pharynx; transports food from the mouth to the esophagus

A

pharyng/o

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3
Q

esophagus; transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esaphag/o

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4
Q

stomach; breaks down food and mixes it with gastric acid

A

gastr/o

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5
Q

small intestine; mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients

A

enter/o

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6
Q

large intestine; absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination

A

col/o, colon/o

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7
Q

rectum and anus; control the excretion of solid waste

A

ant/o, proct/o, rect/o

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8
Q

liver; secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats

A

hepat/o

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9
Q

gallbladder; stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed

A

cholecyst/o

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10
Q

pancreas; secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed

A

pancreat/o

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11
Q

anus, ring

A

an/o

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12
Q

bile, gall

A

chol/e

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13
Q

vomiting

A

-emesis

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14
Q

presence of stones

A

-lithiasis

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15
Q

digest, digestion

A

-pepsia

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16
Q

eating, swallowing

A

-phagia

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17
Q

rectum, straight

A

rect/o

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18
Q

sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid/o

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19
Q

(GI tract) what the digestive tract consists primarily of; work in cooperation with accessory organs

A

gastrointestinal tract

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20
Q

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach; transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach

A

upper gastrointestinal tract

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21
Q

(bowels) made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus; here digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body

A

lower gastrointestinal tract

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22
Q

(mouth) the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and peridontium

A

oral cavity

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23
Q

(labia) surround the opening to the oral cavity

A

lips

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24
Q

forms the roof of the mouth

A

palate

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25
Q

anterior portion of the palate, covered with specialized mucous membrane

A

hard palate

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26
Q

irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane

A

rugae

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27
Q

the flexible posterior portion of the palate; during swallowing, it has the important role of closing of the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

A

soft palate

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28
Q

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate; during swallowing, it also moves upward; plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of speech sounds

A

uvula

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29
Q

very strong, flexible, and muscular; structure makes it important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing

A

tongue

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30
Q

upper surface of the tongue

A

dorsum

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31
Q

small bumps on the tongue, contain taste buds

A

papillae

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32
Q

sensory receptors for the sense of taste

A

taste buds

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33
Q

under the tongue

A

sublingual

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34
Q

many blood vessels

A

highly vascular

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35
Q

a band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth; limits the motion of the tongue

A

lingual frenum

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36
Q

describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

A

peridontium

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37
Q

(masticatory mucosa or gums) the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth

A

gingiva

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38
Q

an area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva

A

sulcus

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39
Q

the bony structures of the oral cavity; hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking

A

dental arches

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40
Q

known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull; does not move

A

maxillary arch

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41
Q

known as the lower jaw; is a separate bone and is the only moveable component of the joint

A

mandibular arch

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42
Q

(TMJ) formed at the back of the mouth where the maxilarry and mandibular arches come together

A

temporomandibular joint

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43
Q

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

A

dentition

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44
Q

(cuspids) used for biting and tearing

A

incisors and canines

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45
Q

(bicuspids) used for chewing and grinding

A

premolars and molars

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46
Q

baby teeth

A

deciduous dentition

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47
Q

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

A

occlusion

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48
Q

the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth

A

crown

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49
Q

the hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

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50
Q

hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch

A

roots

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51
Q

protects the roots; hard but not as strong as enamel

A

cementum

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52
Q

“neck of the tooth”; where the crown and root meet

A

cervix

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53
Q

makes up the bulk of the tooth

A

dentin

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54
Q

the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth

A

pulp cavity

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55
Q

consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth

A

pulp

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56
Q

a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth; helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing

A

saliva

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57
Q

digestive enzyme contains in saliva; the first step in chemical digestion

A

amylase

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58
Q

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

A

salivary glands

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59
Q

located on the face, slightly in the front of ear; ducts are on the inside of the cheek near the upper molars

A

parotid glands

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60
Q

ducts are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue

A

sublingual glands

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61
Q

ducts are located on the floor of the moth near the mandible

A

submandibular gland

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62
Q

the common passageway for respiration and digestion

A

pharynx

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63
Q

swallowing

A

deglutition

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64
Q

lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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65
Q

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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66
Q

(cardiac sphincter) a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach; during swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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67
Q

a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum

A

stomach

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68
Q

upper, rounded part of the stomach

A

fundus

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69
Q

main portion of the stomach

A

body

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70
Q

lower part of the stomach

A

antrum

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71
Q

the folds of the mucosa lining of the stomach, allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size; glands located within these folds produce gastric juices

A

rugae

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72
Q

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion

A

gastric juices

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73
Q

the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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74
Q

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine; up to 20 feet in length and consists of 3 sections where food id digested and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

A

small intestine

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75
Q

the first portion of the small intestine; extends form the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum

A

duodenum

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76
Q

the middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum

A

jejunum

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77
Q

the last and longest portion of the small intestine; extends form the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

A

ileum

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78
Q

extends from the ileum to the anus; here, the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus

A

large intestine

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79
Q

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen; extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon

A

cecum

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80
Q

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum to the cecum

A

ileocecal sphincter

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81
Q

(appendix) hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

A

veriform appendix

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82
Q

worm-like shape

A

veriform

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83
Q

travels upward for the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

A

ascending colon

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84
Q

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen

A

transverse colon

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85
Q

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

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86
Q

S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum belo

A

sigmoid colon

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87
Q

the widest division of the large intestine

A

rectum

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88
Q

the lower opening of the digestive tract

A

anus

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89
Q

refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

A

anorectal

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90
Q

play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

accessory organs

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91
Q

the largest organ in the body; has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs

A

liver

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92
Q

pertaining to the liver

A

hepatic

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93
Q

a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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94
Q

a pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color; excessive amounts in the body can lead to jaundice and other diseases

A

bilirubin

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95
Q

a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat; travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored

A

bile

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96
Q

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

A

biliary tree

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97
Q

a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver; stores and concentrates bile for later use

A

gallbladder

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98
Q

pertaining to the gallbladder

A

cholecystic

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99
Q

soft, 6-inch-long, oblong gland that is located behind the stomach

A

pancreas

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100
Q

pertaining the the pacreas

A

pancreatic

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101
Q

the process by which complex foods are broken into nutrients in a form the body can use

A

digestion

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102
Q

responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body

A

digestive enzymes

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103
Q

a substance, usually form food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body

A

nutrient

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104
Q

includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients; 2 parts

A

metabolism

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105
Q

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

A

anabolism

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106
Q

the breaking down of body cells and substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

A

catabolism

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107
Q

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

A

absorption

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108
Q

finger-like projections

A

villi

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109
Q

specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream

A

lacteals

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110
Q

(chewing) break down food into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

A

mastication

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111
Q

a mass of food that had been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

A

bolus

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112
Q

a series of wave-like contractions of the the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

A

peristalsis

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113
Q

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

A

chyme

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114
Q

in the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile, the bile breaks apart globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats; must be completed before the nutrients can be absorbed into the body

A

emulsification

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115
Q

(solid body waste) expelled through the rectum and anus

A

feces

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116
Q

(bowel movement, BM) the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

A

defecation

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117
Q

refers to the billions of normal bacteria present to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system

A

gut microflora

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118
Q

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

A

borborygmus

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119
Q

(flatus) the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

A

flatulance

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120
Q

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

A

bariatrics

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121
Q

holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

A

dentist

122
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenterologist

123
Q

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

A

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

124
Q

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

A

orthodontist

125
Q

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

A

periodontist

126
Q

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

A

proctologist

127
Q

(RD) a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

A

registered dietician

128
Q

(canker sores, mouth ulcers) gray-white pits with a red boarder in the soft tissues lining the mouth

A

aphthous ulcers

129
Q

an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

A

ulcer

130
Q

(cheilitis) a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

A

cheilosis

131
Q

(cold sores, fever blisters) blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

A

herpes labialis

132
Q

an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek

A

leukoplakia

133
Q

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

A

stomatitis

134
Q

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

A

stomatomycosis

135
Q

a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control; creamy white lesions on the tongue and inner cheeks

A

oral thrush

136
Q

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer; causes difficulty in speaking and affects the patient’s nutrition due to impaired ability to chew and swallow

A

trimus

137
Q

(dry mouth) the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands

A

xerostomia

138
Q

(harelip) a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

A

cleft lip

139
Q

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

A

cleft palate

140
Q

the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

A

bruxism

141
Q

(tooth decay, cavity) an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

A

dental caries

142
Q

a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth; consists of bacteria and bacterial byproducts

A

dental plaque

143
Q

without teeth

A

edentulous

144
Q

(bad breath) an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

A

halitosis

145
Q

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

A

malocclusion

146
Q

(periodontitis) inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

A

periodontal disease

147
Q

(tartar) dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth; these deposits irritate the surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases

A

dental calculus

148
Q

used to describe hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that form in other parts of the body

A

calculus

149
Q

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums

A

gingivitis

150
Q

(ANUG, trench mouth) caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth, as this condition progresses, the inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue become more severe

A

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

151
Q

causing ongoing tissue death

A

necrotizing

152
Q

difficulty in swallowing

A

dysphagia

153
Q

(EoE) a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called eosinophils builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods

A

eosinophilic esophagitis

154
Q

(GERD) the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus; when this occurs, the stomach acid irritates and damages the delicate lining of the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

155
Q

a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure; slightly increases the risk of esophageal cancer (can develop from chronic GERD)

A

Barrett’s esophagus

156
Q

abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage; in the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties

A

stricture

157
Q

(heartburn) the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

A

pyrosis

158
Q

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus; severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures

A

esophageal varices

159
Q

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm; can cause GERD and pyrosis

A

hiatal hernia

160
Q

the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it

A

hernia

161
Q

a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

A

gastritis

162
Q

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenteritis

163
Q

a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down or work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach fro emptying normally

A

gastroparesis

164
Q

the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

A

gastrorrhea

165
Q

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes

A

peptic ulcers

166
Q

peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach

A

gastric ulcers

167
Q

peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine

A

duodenal ulcers

168
Q

a complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall

A

perforating ulcer

169
Q

the loss of apatite for food, especially when caused by disease

A

anorexia

170
Q

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS, although these patients might be eating enough food, their bodies are unable to absorb enough nutrients

A

cachexia

171
Q

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance

A

dehydration

172
Q

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

A

malnutrition

173
Q

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

A

malabsorption

174
Q

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

A

obesity

175
Q

refers to individuals who are more than 20% to 30% over the established weight standards for their age, height, and gender

A

obese

176
Q

(severe obesity) the condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40

A

morbidly obese

177
Q

(BMI) a number that shows body weight adjusted for height

A

body mass index

178
Q

describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time

A

comorbidity

179
Q

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking as is a common cause of gas in the stomach

A

aerophagia

180
Q

(indigestion) pain or discomfort in digestion

A

dyspepsia

181
Q

(vomiting) the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward toward through the mouth

A

emesis

182
Q

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

A

eructation

183
Q

the vomiting of blood; often resembles coffee grounds

A

hematemesis

184
Q

(morning sickness) extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

A

hyperemesis

185
Q

the urge to vomit

A

nausea

186
Q

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

A

regurgitation

187
Q

a hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten, damages the villi of the small intestine and can cause malabsorption

A

Celiac disease

188
Q

(non-celiac gluten sensitivity) a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease

A

gluten intolerance

189
Q

an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food

A

food allergy

190
Q

the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar found in milk and some other dairy products

A

lactose intolerance

191
Q

(colon cancer) often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon

A

colorectal carcinoma

192
Q

a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane; not all polyps are malignant

A

polyp

193
Q

the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon; believed to be related to a low-fiber diet

A

diverticulosis

194
Q

a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

A

diverticulum

195
Q

the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon; symptoms include sudden abdominal pain, cramping, and nausea

A

diverticulitis

196
Q

an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens

A

enteritis

197
Q

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood

A

ischemic cholitis

198
Q

the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine; caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis of this area of the intestine; symptoms include severe pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting. and the inability to pass gas or stools (paralytic ileus)

A

ileus

199
Q

a temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery

A

postoperative ileus

200
Q

(IBS) a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea; usually aggravated by stress and by eating certain foods, is not believed to be caused by pathogens

A

irritable bowel syndrome

201
Q

(IBD) the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines

A

inflammatory bowel disease

202
Q

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

A

ulcerative colitis

203
Q

(CD) a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

A

Crohn’s disease

204
Q

the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction

A

intestinal obstruction

205
Q

abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that should be separate

A

intestinal adhesion

206
Q

the blood flow of a segment of the intestine is blocked; can lead to gangrene or perforation

A

strangulating obstruction

207
Q

tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation

A

gangrene

208
Q

a hole through the wall of a structure

A

perforation

209
Q

the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction; can cause necrosis

A

volvulus

210
Q

the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

A

intussusception

211
Q

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

A

inguinal hernia

212
Q

when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply

A

strangulated hernia

213
Q

(c. diff) a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

A

clostridium difficile

214
Q

(c. diff) a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

A

clostridium difficile

214
Q

(c. diff) a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

A

clostridium difficile

215
Q

bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

A

dysentery

216
Q

caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked

A

E. coli

217
Q

(salmonella) transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products

A

salmonellosis

218
Q

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement

A

anal fissure

219
Q

the inability to control the excretion of feces

A

bowel incontinence

220
Q

defined as having a bowel movement fewer than 3 times per week; stools are usually dry, hard, small in size, and difficult to eliminate; can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet, disease, a side effect of certain drugs, and (especially in women) pelvic floor dysfunction

A

constipation

221
Q

the lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten and the anal sphincter to relax

A

pelvic floor dysfunction

222
Q

an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration

A

diarrhea

223
Q

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening; these veins become inflamed, resulting in pain, fecal leakage, itching, and bleeding

A

hemorrhoids

224
Q

a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy

A

rectocele

225
Q

the presence of bright red blood in the stool; color usually indicated that the blood is coming from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

hematochezia

226
Q

the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools; this appearance of the stools is caused by the presence of digested blood and often indicated bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

melena

227
Q

the presence of excess fat in the stool; caused by pancreatic disease, the removal of the gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders

A

steatorrhea

228
Q

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity; usually the result of severe liver disease creating pressure in the liver’s blood vessels

A

ascites

229
Q

the abnormal enlargement of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

230
Q

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes; caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood

A

jaundice

231
Q

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

A

hepatitis

232
Q

a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring often caused by excessive alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis B or C

A

cirrhosis

233
Q

(NAFLD) describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little to no alcohol; often in individuals who are obese, have type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol

A

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

234
Q

(NASH) more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation

A

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

235
Q

an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice; commonly caused by a bacterial infection

A

cholangitis

236
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

A

cholecystitis

237
Q

(cholelith) a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

A

gallstone

238
Q

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

A

cholelithiasis

239
Q

pain caused by the passage of a gallstone through the bile duct

A

biliary colic

240
Q

(CT) a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen, showing , for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction

A

abdominal computed tomography

241
Q

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using a very high-frequency sound waves

A

abdominal ultrasound

242
Q

a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium; used to identify obstructions in the liver or bile ducts that slow or block the flow of bile from the liver

A

cholangiography

243
Q

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity; sometimes part of the preparation for an endoscopic examination; however, they are also used to treat severe constipation and as means of injecting medicine into the body

A

enema

244
Q

an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

245
Q

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system; a contrast medium is required to make these structures visible

A

upper/lower GI series

246
Q

specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics

A

stool samples

247
Q

ova (parasite eggs) and parasites

A

O&P

248
Q

an instrument used for an endoscopy, a visual examination of internal structure

A

endoscope

249
Q

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

A

anoscopy

250
Q

the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

A

capsule endoscopy

251
Q

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope

A

colonoscopy

252
Q

a small, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- or three-dimensional images of the colon

A

virtual colonoscopy

253
Q

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon

A

sigmoidoscopy

254
Q

chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemical called free radicals; naturally resent in fruits, beans, berries, nuts, and dark chocolate

A

antioxidants

255
Q

living microorganisms sometimes describes as “good” bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria

A

probiotics

256
Q

non-digestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on; foods such as yogurt, some dairy drinks, and supplements contain both probiotics and prebiotics

A

prebiotics

257
Q

neutralize the acids in the stomach, taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal

A

antacids

258
Q

decreade the amount of acid produced by the stomach; used to treat the symptoms of GERD

A

proton pump inhibitors

259
Q

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

A

antiemitic

260
Q

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

A

laxatives

261
Q

treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water and remain soft as it moves through the intestines

A

bulk-forming laxatives

262
Q

among the over-the-counter medications used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach

A

antimobility drugs/antacids

263
Q

(IV) administered to combat the effects of dehydration

A

intravenous fluids

264
Q

(ORT) a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in children

A

oral rehydration therapy

265
Q

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calcus

A

dental prophylaxis

266
Q

refers to a treatment intended to prevent disease or stop it from spreading

A

prophylaxis

267
Q

the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw

A

dental implant

268
Q

a metal or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure

A

crown

269
Q

a fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth

A

bridge

270
Q

a plate holding one or more teeth replacement

A

denture

271
Q

refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root is removed in order to save the tooth; after it is free from infection, the cavity is filled with a protective substance and sealed

A

root canal

272
Q

the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

A

gingivectomy

273
Q

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

A

maxillofacial surgery

274
Q

surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to the repair of a cleft lip

A

palatoplasty

275
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

A

gastrectomy

276
Q

(NG tube) the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

A

nasogastric intubation

277
Q

(G-tube) a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach, permanently to provide nutrition for patients who cannot swallow or take sufficient nutrients by mouth

A

gastrostomy tube

278
Q

(TPN) administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating; patients nutritional requirements are met through a specialized solution administered intravenously

A

total parenteral nutrition

279
Q

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

A

bariatric surgery

280
Q

(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) makes the stomach smaller by stapling a section to create a small pouch and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine; not reversible

A

gastric bypass surgery

281
Q

(LAGB) procedure involves placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter; is reversible

A

lap-band adjustable gastric banding

282
Q

the stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube, reducing its capacity significantly

A

endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty

283
Q

the surgical removal of all or one part of the colon

A

colectomy

284
Q

the surgical incision into the colon

A

colotomy

285
Q

the surgical removal of a diverticulum

A

diverticulectomy

286
Q

the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and duodenum; performed to treat stomach cancer or to remove a malfunctioning pyloric valve

A

gastroduodenostomy

287
Q

a surgical connection between two hollow, tubular structures

A

anastomosis

288
Q

the surgical removal of the ileum

A

ileectomy

289
Q

(stoma) a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface

A

ostomy

290
Q

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the outside of the abdominal wall

A

ileostomy

291
Q

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface; the segment of the intestine below the ostomy is usually removed, and the fecal matter flows through the stoma into a disposable bag, can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal

A

colostomy

292
Q

the surgical removal of hemorrhoids

A

hemorrhoidectomy

293
Q

rubber bands cut off the circulation at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing it to fall off

A

rubber band ligation

294
Q

the tying off of blood vessels or ducts

A

ligation

295
Q

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

A

proctopexy

296
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the liver

A

hepatectomy

297
Q

an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer

A

liver transplant

298
Q

because liver tissue regenerates, a piece of liver can be adequate to transplant

A

partial liver transplant

299
Q

an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone

A

choledocholithotomy

300
Q

the surgical removal of he gallbladder

A

cholecystectomy

301
Q

(lap chole) the surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope and other instruments inserted through 3 or 4 small incisions in the abdominal wall

A

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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