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Medical Terminology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o

A

bones

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2
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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4
Q

arthr/o

A

joints

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5
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

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6
Q

synovi/o, synov/o

A

synovial membrane or fluid

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7
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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8
Q

t

process that turns something into bone

A

ossification

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9
Q

t

break down bone

A

osteoclasts

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10
Q

t

rebuild the bone

A

osteoblasts

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11
Q

t

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone

A

periosteum

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12
Q

t

(cortical bone) dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones; more than 75% of bone matter

A

compact bone

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13
Q

t

(cancellous bone) porous, “sponge-like,” bone that is lighter and weaker than compact bone

A

spongy bone

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14
Q

t

located within spongy bone; is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

A

red bone marrow

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15
Q

t

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones (surrounded by compact bone), where red and yellow marrow is stored

A

medullary cavity

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16
Q

t

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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17
Q

t

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

A

hemopoietic

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18
Q

t

fat storage area, located in the medullary cavity

A

yellow bone marrow

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19
Q

t

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

A

cartilage

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20
Q

t

covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints

A

articular cartilage

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21
Q

t

curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw

A

meniscus

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22
Q

t

shaft of the long bone

A

diaphysis

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23
Q

t

wider ends of long bones

A

epiphysis

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24
Q

t

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

A

foramen

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25
Q

t

a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

A

process

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26
Q

t

(articulations) the place of union between two or more bones

A

joints

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27
Q

t

hold the bones tightly together, called “sutures” in adults, don’t allow movements

A

fibrous joints

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28
Q

t

(soft spots) normally present on the skull of a newborn

A

fontanelles

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29
Q

t

only allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

A

cartilaginous joint

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30
Q

t

allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

A

pubic symphysis

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31
Q

t

where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

A

synovial joint

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32
Q

t

allow a range of movement in many directions (hips, shoulders)

A

ball-and-socket joint

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33
Q

t

allow movement primarily in one direction or plane (knees, elbows)

A

hinge joint

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34
Q

t

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as is surrounds the joint

A

synovial capsule

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35
Q

t

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

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36
Q

t

acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

A

synovial fluid

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37
Q

t

connect bone to bone or join bone to cartilage

A

ligaments

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38
Q

t

fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

A

bursa

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39
Q

t

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems; 80 bones
1. bones of the skull
2. ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
3. hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and thyroid
4. rib cage
5. vertebral column

A

axial skeleton

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40
Q

t

protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction, 126 bones
1. upper extremities (shoulders, arms, wrists, hands)
2. lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)

A

appendicular skeleton

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41
Q

t

anything attached to a major part of the body

A

appendage

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42
Q

t

the terminal end of a body part

A

extremity

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43
Q

t

8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, 6 bones in the middle ear

A

skull

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44
Q

t

anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

A

frontal

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45
Q

t

two of the largest bones of the skull, together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

A

parietal

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46
Q

t

back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

A

occipital

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47
Q

t

sides and base of the cranium (2)

A

temporal

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48
Q

t

the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

A

external auditory meatus

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49
Q

t

irregular, wedge-shape bone at the base of the skull; makes contact with all the other cranial bones

A

sphenoid

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50
Q

t

light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose; separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and also forms a portion of each orbit

A

ethmoid

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51
Q

t

three tiny bones in each middle ear; malleus, incus, stapes

A

auditory ossicles

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52
Q

t

forms upper part of the bridge of the nose (2)

A

nasal bone

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53
Q

t

(cheekbones) articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead; 2

A

zygomatic bone

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54
Q

t

forms upper jaw (2)

A

maxillary bone

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55
Q

t

forms the front part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose (2)

A

palatine bone

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56
Q

t

makes up part of the orbit at the inner angle (2)

A

lacrimal bone

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57
Q

t

thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the inferior of the nose (2)

A

inferior conchae

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58
Q

t

forms base of the nasal septum (2)

A

vomer bone

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59
Q

t

(jawbone) the only moveable bone of the skull (2)

A

mandible

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60
Q

t

(ribcage) bony structure that protects the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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61
Q

t

12 pairs of costals that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

A

ribs

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62
Q

t

1-7

A

true ribs

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63
Q

t

8-10

A

false ribs

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64
Q

t

11-12

A

floating ribs

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65
Q

t

(breastbone) flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

A

sternum

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66
Q

t

upper portion of the sternum

A

manubrium

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67
Q

t

middle portion of the sternum

A

body (gladiolus)

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68
Q

t

cartilage that forms bottom portion of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

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69
Q

t

(collar bone) slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula)

A

clavicle

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70
Q

t

shoulder blade

A

scapula

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71
Q

t

extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

A

acromion

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72
Q

t

upper bone of the arm

A

humerus

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73
Q

t

smaller and shorter forearm bone; thumbside

A

radius

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74
Q

t

larger and longer forearm bone; forms elbow joint with humerus

A

ulna

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75
Q

t

(funny bone) large projection on the upper end of the ulna

A

olecranon process

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76
Q

t

bones that form the wrist (8)

A

carpals

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77
Q

t

5 bones that form the palms of the hand

A

metacarpals

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78
Q

t

14 bones of the fingers (and toes)

A

phalanges

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79
Q

t

(vertebral column) protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body; 26 vertebrae

A

spinal column

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80
Q

t

posterior portion of the vertebra

A

lamina

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81
Q

t

the opening in the middle of the vertebra; allows the spinal cord to pass through

A

vertebral foramen

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82
Q

t

made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column

A

intervertebral disks

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83
Q

t

form the neck; C1 through C7

A

cervical vertebrae

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84
Q

t

outward curve of the spine, attachment site for ribs; T1 through T12

A

thoracic vertebrae

85
Q

t

form the inward curve of the spine, longest and strongest vertebrae and bear most of the body’s weight; L1 through L5

A

lumbar vertebrae

86
Q

t

slightly curved, triangular bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back

A

sacrum

87
Q

t

(tailbone) forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of 4 small vertebrae fused together

A

coccyx

88
Q

t

(bony pelvis) protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

A

pelvis

89
Q

t

broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

A

ilium

90
Q

t

the slightly moveable articulation between the sacrum and the posterior portion of the ilium

A

sacroiliac

91
Q

t

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting

A

ischium

92
Q

t

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder

A

pubis

93
Q

t

where two bones are closely joined

A

symphysis

94
Q

t

the cartilaginous joint that united the left and right pubic bones

A

pubic symphysis

95
Q

t

(hip socket) the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

A

acetabulum

96
Q

t

the largest bones of the body

A

femur

97
Q

t

(kneecap) bony anterior portion of the knee

A

patella

98
Q

t

the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

A

popliteal

99
Q

t

(shinbone) larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

A

tibia

100
Q

t

the smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg

A

fibula

101
Q

t

the joint that connects the lower leg and foot

A

ankles

102
Q

t

form the ankle (7)

A

tarsal

103
Q

t

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of the ankle

A

malleolus

104
Q

t

ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

A

talus

105
Q

t

(heel bone) largest of the tarsal bones

A

calcaneus

106
Q

t

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

A

rheumatologist

107
Q

t

the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure

A

ankylosis

108
Q

t

(frozen shoulder) painful ankylosis of the shoulder, caused by adhesions

A

adhesive capsulitis

109
Q

t

stiffness of the joints (especially in elderly)

A

arthrosclerosis

110
Q

t

(popliteal cyst) fluid-filled sac behind the knee

A

Baker’s cyst

111
Q

t

inflammation of a bursa

A

bursitis

112
Q

t

abnormal softening of cartilage

A

chondromalacia

113
Q

t

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

A

costochondritis

114
Q

t

(bunion) an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

A

Hallux valgus

115
Q

t

blood within a joint

A

hemarthrosis

116
Q

t

(PMR) an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

A

polymyalgia rheumatica

117
Q

t

a ligament is wrenched or torn

A

sprain

118
Q

t

inflammation of the synovial membrane

A

synovitis

119
Q

t

(luxation) the total displacement of a bone from its joint

A

dislocation

120
Q

t

partial displacement of a bone from its joint

A

subluxation

121
Q

t

an inflammatory condition of one or more joints

A

arthritis

122
Q

t

(wear-and-tear arthritis) mostly commonly associated with aging, degenerative joint disease

A

osteoarthritis

123
Q

t

bone spurs

A

osteophytes

124
Q

t

spinal arthritis

A

spondylosis

125
Q

t

(gouty arthritis) characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning in the big toe; typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive

A

gout

126
Q

t

(RA) a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs are attacked

A

rheumatoid arthritis

127
Q

t

a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae (spondyloarthropathies)

A

ankylosing spondylitis

128
Q

t

(JRA) an autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 or younger

A

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

129
Q

t

(slipped/ruptured disk) breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal root nerves

A

herniated disk

130
Q

t

(low back pain) pain of the lumbar region of the spine

A

lumbago

131
Q

t

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

A

spondylosthesis

132
Q

t

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to completely close around the spinal cord to protect it

A

spinal bifida

133
Q

t

(humpback or dowager’s hump) an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

A

kyphosis

134
Q

t

(swayback) an abnormal increase in the forward curvature in the lumbar spine

A

lordosis

135
Q

t

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

136
Q

t

(osteonecrosis) an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

A

avascular necrosis

137
Q

t

a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

A

craniostenosis

138
Q

t

(ostitis) inflammation of a bone

A

osteitis

139
Q

t

(adult rickets) abnormal softening of bones in adults

A

osteomalacia

140
Q

t

inflammation of the bone marrow

A

osteomyelitis

141
Q

t

chronic bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone (pelvis, skull, spine, legs) followed by abnormal bone formation

A

Paget’s disease

142
Q

t

inflammation of the periosteum; associated with shin splints

A

periostitis

143
Q

t

deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitimin D

A

Rickets

144
Q

t

(dwarfism) a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk

A

short stature

145
Q

t

(clubfoot) describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

A

talipes

146
Q

t

relatively rare malignant tumor that originated in a bone

A

primary bone cancer

147
Q

t

tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs

A

secondary bone cancer

148
Q

t

a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone arrow; often fatal

A

myeloma

149
Q

t

a benign projection covered with cartilage (exostosis)

A

osteochondroma

150
Q

t

a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging

A

osteoporosis

151
Q

t

thinner-than-average bone density; not yet osteoporosis, but has a greater-than-average change of developing it

A

osteopenia

152
Q

t

(vertebral crush fracture) occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

A

compression fracture

153
Q

t

(fracture wrist) occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop their fall by landing on their hands

A

Colles’ fracture

154
Q

t

(broken hip) occurs either spontaneously or as a result of a fall

A

osteoporotic hip fracture

155
Q

t

(simple/complete fracture) the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin

A

closed fracture

156
Q

t

(compound) the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

A

open fracture

157
Q

t

bone is splintered or crushed in small pieces

A

comminuted fracture

158
Q

t

(incomplete fracture) bone is bent and only partially broken; primarily occurs in children

A

greenstick fracture

159
Q

t

occurs at an angle across the bone

A

oblique fracture

160
Q

t

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

A

pathologic fracture

161
Q

t

when a bone had been twisted apart (severe twisting)

A

spiral fracture

162
Q

t

overuse injury, a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

A

stress fracture

163
Q

t

occurs straight across the bone

A

transverse fracture

164
Q

t

can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

A

fat embolus

165
Q

t

(crepitus) the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone rub together

A

crepitation

166
Q

t

bulging deposit formed around the area of the break

A

callus

167
Q

t

(x-ray) use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

A

radiograph

168
Q

t

the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

A

arthroscopy

169
Q

t

a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

A

bone marrow biopsy

170
Q

t

the use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the blood marrow

A

bone marrow aspiration

171
Q

t

(MRI) used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

A

magnetic resonance imagine

172
Q

t

(BDT) used to determine losses or changes in bone density

A

bone density testing

173
Q

t

a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause the loss of bone mass

A

ultrasound bone density testing

174
Q

t

a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

A

dual x-ray absorptiometry

175
Q

t

(BMT) used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow

A

bone marrow transplant

176
Q

t

transplant the uses health bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling

A

allogenic transplant

177
Q

t

transplant in which a patient receives their own bone marrow cells

A

autologous transplant

178
Q

t

a mechanical appliance which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

A

orthotic

179
Q

t

a substitute for a diseased or missing body part that has been amputated

A

prosthesis

180
Q

t

(surgical ankylosis) surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

A

arthrodesis

181
Q

t

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

A

arthrolysis

182
Q

t

a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

A

arthroscopic surgery

183
Q

t

the surgical repair of damaged cartilage

A

chondroplasty

184
Q

t

the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

A

synovectomy

185
Q

t

the surgical placement of an artificial joint

A

arthroplasty

186
Q

t

(TKR or total knee arthroplasty) all of the parts of the knee are replaced

A

total knee replacement

187
Q

t

(PKR) a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

A

partial knee replacement

188
Q

t

(THR/ total hip arthroplasty) performed to restore a damaged hip to full function

A

total hip replacement

189
Q

t

an alternative to removing the head of the femur

A

hip resurfacing

190
Q

t

the replacement of a worn or failed implant

A

revision surgery

191
Q

t

performed to treat a herniated disk

A

percutaneous discectomy

192
Q

t

performed through the skin

A

percutaneous

193
Q

t

performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures

A

percutaneous verbroplasty

194
Q

t

the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra

A

laminectomy

195
Q

t

a technique to immobilize part of the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae

A

spinal fusion

196
Q

t

the surgical removal of a portion of the skull

A

craniectomy

197
Q

t

a surgical incision or opening into the skull

A

craniotomy

198
Q

t

surgical repair of the skull

A

cranioplasty

199
Q

t

the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

A

osteoclasis

200
Q

t

to break

A

-clasis

201
Q

t

the surgical removal of a bone

A

ostectomy

202
Q

t

the surgical suturing, or wiring-together of a bone

A

osteorrhaphy

203
Q

t

the surgical cutting of a bone

A

osteotomy

204
Q

t

a surgical incision through the pericardium to the bone

A

periosteotomy

205
Q

t

(manipulation) the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation

A

closed reduction

206
Q

t

(stabilization) the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

A

immobilization

207
Q

t

a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

A

traction

208
Q

t

a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone to allow healing; usually later get removed

A

external fixation

209
Q

t

(open reduction internal fixation/ORIF) a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; are usually left in

A

internal fixation

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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