The Skeletal System Flashcards
oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o
bones
myel/o
bone marrow
chondr/o
cartilage
arthr/o
joints
ligament/o
ligament
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane or fluid
burs/o
bursa
t
process that turns something into bone
ossification
t
break down bone
osteoclasts
t
rebuild the bone
osteoblasts
t
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone
periosteum
t
(cortical bone) dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones; more than 75% of bone matter
compact bone
t
(cancellous bone) porous, “sponge-like,” bone that is lighter and weaker than compact bone
spongy bone
t
located within spongy bone; is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
red bone marrow
t
central cavity located in the shaft of long bones (surrounded by compact bone), where red and yellow marrow is stored
medullary cavity
t
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
t
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
hemopoietic
t
fat storage area, located in the medullary cavity
yellow bone marrow
t
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
cartilage
t
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints
articular cartilage
t
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw
meniscus
t
shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
t
wider ends of long bones
epiphysis
t
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
foramen
t
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
process
t
(articulations) the place of union between two or more bones
joints
t
hold the bones tightly together, called “sutures” in adults, don’t allow movements
fibrous joints
t
(soft spots) normally present on the skull of a newborn
fontanelles
t
only allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joint
t
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
pubic symphysis
t
where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial joint
t
allow a range of movement in many directions (hips, shoulders)
ball-and-socket joint
t
allow movement primarily in one direction or plane (knees, elbows)
hinge joint
t
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as is surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
t
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
t
acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
synovial fluid
t
connect bone to bone or join bone to cartilage
ligaments
t
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
bursa
t
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems; 80 bones
1. bones of the skull
2. ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
3. hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and thyroid
4. rib cage
5. vertebral column
axial skeleton
t
protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction, 126 bones
1. upper extremities (shoulders, arms, wrists, hands)
2. lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)
appendicular skeleton
t
anything attached to a major part of the body
appendage
t
the terminal end of a body part
extremity
t
8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, 6 bones in the middle ear
skull
t
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
frontal
t
two of the largest bones of the skull, together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
parietal
t
back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
occipital
t
sides and base of the cranium (2)
temporal
t
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
external auditory meatus
t
irregular, wedge-shape bone at the base of the skull; makes contact with all the other cranial bones
sphenoid
t
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose; separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and also forms a portion of each orbit
ethmoid
t
three tiny bones in each middle ear; malleus, incus, stapes
auditory ossicles
t
forms upper part of the bridge of the nose (2)
nasal bone
t
(cheekbones) articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead; 2
zygomatic bone
t
forms upper jaw (2)
maxillary bone
t
forms the front part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose (2)
palatine bone
t
makes up part of the orbit at the inner angle (2)
lacrimal bone
t
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the inferior of the nose (2)
inferior conchae
t
forms base of the nasal septum (2)
vomer bone
t
(jawbone) the only moveable bone of the skull (2)
mandible
t
(ribcage) bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
t
12 pairs of costals that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
ribs
t
1-7
true ribs
t
8-10
false ribs
t
11-12
floating ribs
t
(breastbone) flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
sternum
t
upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
t
middle portion of the sternum
body (gladiolus)
t
cartilage that forms bottom portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
t
(collar bone) slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula)
clavicle
t
shoulder blade
scapula
t
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
t
upper bone of the arm
humerus
t
smaller and shorter forearm bone; thumbside
radius
t
larger and longer forearm bone; forms elbow joint with humerus
ulna
t
(funny bone) large projection on the upper end of the ulna
olecranon process
t
bones that form the wrist (8)
carpals
t
5 bones that form the palms of the hand
metacarpals
t
14 bones of the fingers (and toes)
phalanges
t
(vertebral column) protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body; 26 vertebrae
spinal column
t
posterior portion of the vertebra
lamina
t
the opening in the middle of the vertebra; allows the spinal cord to pass through
vertebral foramen
t
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column
intervertebral disks
t
form the neck; C1 through C7
cervical vertebrae
t
outward curve of the spine, attachment site for ribs; T1 through T12
thoracic vertebrae
t
form the inward curve of the spine, longest and strongest vertebrae and bear most of the body’s weight; L1 through L5
lumbar vertebrae
t
slightly curved, triangular bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
sacrum
t
(tailbone) forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of 4 small vertebrae fused together
coccyx
t
(bony pelvis) protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
pelvis
t
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
t
the slightly moveable articulation between the sacrum and the posterior portion of the ilium
sacroiliac
t
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
ischium
t
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
pubis
t
where two bones are closely joined
symphysis
t
the cartilaginous joint that united the left and right pubic bones
pubic symphysis
t
(hip socket) the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
acetabulum
t
the largest bones of the body
femur
t
(kneecap) bony anterior portion of the knee
patella
t
the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
popliteal
t
(shinbone) larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
tibia
t
the smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg
fibula
t
the joint that connects the lower leg and foot
ankles
t
form the ankle (7)
tarsal
t
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of the ankle
malleolus
t
ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
talus
t
(heel bone) largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus
t
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
rheumatologist
t
the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
ankylosis
t
(frozen shoulder) painful ankylosis of the shoulder, caused by adhesions
adhesive capsulitis
t
stiffness of the joints (especially in elderly)
arthrosclerosis
t
(popliteal cyst) fluid-filled sac behind the knee
Baker’s cyst
t
inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
t
abnormal softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
t
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
costochondritis
t
(bunion) an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
Hallux valgus
t
blood within a joint
hemarthrosis
t
(PMR) an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
polymyalgia rheumatica
t
a ligament is wrenched or torn
sprain
t
inflammation of the synovial membrane
synovitis
t
(luxation) the total displacement of a bone from its joint
dislocation
t
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
t
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
arthritis
t
(wear-and-tear arthritis) mostly commonly associated with aging, degenerative joint disease
osteoarthritis
t
bone spurs
osteophytes
t
spinal arthritis
spondylosis
t
(gouty arthritis) characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning in the big toe; typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive
gout
t
(RA) a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs are attacked
rheumatoid arthritis
t
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae (spondyloarthropathies)
ankylosing spondylitis
t
(JRA) an autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 or younger
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
t
(slipped/ruptured disk) breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal root nerves
herniated disk
t
(low back pain) pain of the lumbar region of the spine
lumbago
t
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
spondylosthesis
t
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to completely close around the spinal cord to protect it
spinal bifida
t
(humpback or dowager’s hump) an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
kyphosis
t
(swayback) an abnormal increase in the forward curvature in the lumbar spine
lordosis
t
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
t
(osteonecrosis) an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
avascular necrosis
t
a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
craniostenosis
t
(ostitis) inflammation of a bone
osteitis
t
(adult rickets) abnormal softening of bones in adults
osteomalacia
t
inflammation of the bone marrow
osteomyelitis
t
chronic bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone (pelvis, skull, spine, legs) followed by abnormal bone formation
Paget’s disease
t
inflammation of the periosteum; associated with shin splints
periostitis
t
deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitimin D
Rickets
t
(dwarfism) a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
short stature
t
(clubfoot) describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
talipes
t
relatively rare malignant tumor that originated in a bone
primary bone cancer
t
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs
secondary bone cancer
t
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone arrow; often fatal
myeloma
t
a benign projection covered with cartilage (exostosis)
osteochondroma
t
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
osteoporosis
t
thinner-than-average bone density; not yet osteoporosis, but has a greater-than-average change of developing it
osteopenia
t
(vertebral crush fracture) occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
compression fracture
t
(fracture wrist) occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop their fall by landing on their hands
Colles’ fracture
t
(broken hip) occurs either spontaneously or as a result of a fall
osteoporotic hip fracture
t
(simple/complete fracture) the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
closed fracture
t
(compound) the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
open fracture
t
bone is splintered or crushed in small pieces
comminuted fracture
t
(incomplete fracture) bone is bent and only partially broken; primarily occurs in children
greenstick fracture
t
occurs at an angle across the bone
oblique fracture
t
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
pathologic fracture
t
when a bone had been twisted apart (severe twisting)
spiral fracture
t
overuse injury, a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
stress fracture
t
occurs straight across the bone
transverse fracture
t
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
fat embolus
t
(crepitus) the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone rub together
crepitation
t
bulging deposit formed around the area of the break
callus
t
(x-ray) use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
radiograph
t
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
arthroscopy
t
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
bone marrow biopsy
t
the use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the blood marrow
bone marrow aspiration
t
(MRI) used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
magnetic resonance imagine
t
(BDT) used to determine losses or changes in bone density
bone density testing
t
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause the loss of bone mass
ultrasound bone density testing
t
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
dual x-ray absorptiometry
t
(BMT) used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow
bone marrow transplant
t
transplant the uses health bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
allogenic transplant
t
transplant in which a patient receives their own bone marrow cells
autologous transplant
t
a mechanical appliance which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
orthotic
t
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part that has been amputated
prosthesis
t
(surgical ankylosis) surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
arthrodesis
t
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
arthrolysis
t
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
arthroscopic surgery
t
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage
chondroplasty
t
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
synovectomy
t
the surgical placement of an artificial joint
arthroplasty
t
(TKR or total knee arthroplasty) all of the parts of the knee are replaced
total knee replacement
t
(PKR) a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
partial knee replacement
t
(THR/ total hip arthroplasty) performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
total hip replacement
t
an alternative to removing the head of the femur
hip resurfacing
t
the replacement of a worn or failed implant
revision surgery
t
performed to treat a herniated disk
percutaneous discectomy
t
performed through the skin
percutaneous
t
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
percutaneous verbroplasty
t
the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
laminectomy
t
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae
spinal fusion
t
the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniectomy
t
a surgical incision or opening into the skull
craniotomy
t
surgical repair of the skull
cranioplasty
t
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
osteoclasis
t
to break
-clasis
t
the surgical removal of a bone
ostectomy
t
the surgical suturing, or wiring-together of a bone
osteorrhaphy
t
the surgical cutting of a bone
osteotomy
t
a surgical incision through the pericardium to the bone
periosteotomy
t
(manipulation) the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
closed reduction
t
(stabilization) the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
immobilization
t
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
traction
t
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone to allow healing; usually later get removed
external fixation
t
(open reduction internal fixation/ORIF) a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; are usually left in
internal fixation
