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Medical Terminology > Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

opt/i, opt/o, optic/o, ophthalm/o; receptor organs for the sense of sight

A

eyes

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2
Q

ir/i, ir/o, irid/o, irit/o; controls the amount of light entering the eye

A

iris

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3
Q

phac/o, phak/o; focuses rays of light on the retina

A

lens

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4
Q

retin/o; converts light images into electrical impulses and transmits them to the brain

A

retina

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5
Q

dacryocyst/o, lacrim/o; accessory structures of the eyes that produce, stores, and remove tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

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6
Q

acous/o, acoust/o, audi/o, audit/o, ot/o; receptor organs for the sense of hearing; also help maintain balance

A

ears

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7
Q

pinn/i; transmits soundwaves to the middle ear

A

outer ear

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8
Q

myring/o, tympan/o; transmits sound waves to the inner ear

A

middle ear

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9
Q

labyrinth/o; receives sound vibrations and transmits them to the brain

A

inner ear

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10
Q

(adnexa oculi) the structures outside the eyeball; include the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus

A

adnexa of the eyes

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11
Q

the accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ

A

adnexa

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12
Q

(eye socket) the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

A

orbit

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13
Q

occurs when the muscles of both eyes work together in coordination to make normal perception possible

A

binocular vision

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14
Q

help protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and injuries

A

upper and lower eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes

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15
Q

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

A

canthus

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16
Q

small hairs, make up eyebrows and eyelashes

A

cilia

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17
Q

(tarsal plate) the framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness anf shape

A

tarsus

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18
Q

the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

A

conjunctiva

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19
Q

(tear apparatus) consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

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20
Q

located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of the eye, secretes lacrimal fluid

A

lacrimal glands

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21
Q

(tears) maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball; blinking distributes the lacrimal fluid across each eyeball

A

lacrimal fluid

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22
Q

consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye that connects tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs; crying is the overflowing of tears from the lacrimal glands

A

lacrimal canal

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23
Q

(tear sac) an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac

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24
Q

(nasolacrimal duct) the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose

A

lacrimal duct

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25
Q

(globe) a 1-inch sphere with only about 1/6 of its surface visible

A

eyeball

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26
Q

pertaining to the or sight

A

optic

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27
Q

pertaining to the eye

A

ocular

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28
Q

outside the eyeball

A

extraocular

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29
Q

within the eyeball

A

intraocular

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30
Q

(white of the eye) maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of the tissue; this tough, fibrous tissue forms the outer layer of the eye, except for the part covered by the cornea

A

sclera

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31
Q

(choroid coat) the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye

A

choroid

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32
Q

the sensitive innermost layer that outlines the posterior segment of the eye and receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve

A

retina

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33
Q

(aqueous fluid) fills the anterior and posterior chambers; helps the eye maintain its shape and nourishes the intraocular structures

A

aqueous humor

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34
Q

constantly filters and drains aqueous fluid

A

trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm

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35
Q

(IOP) the measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye; this pressure is regulated by the rate at which aqueous humor enters and leaves the eye

A

intraocular pressure

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36
Q

makes up 2/3 of the eyeball, lined with the retina and filled with vitreous humor

A

posterior segment

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37
Q

a soft, clear jelly-like mass that contains millions of fine fibers that help the eye maintain its shape

A

vitreous gel

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38
Q

receives images that have passed through the lens of the eye these images are converted into nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve

A

rods and cones

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39
Q

the black and white receptors

A

rods

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40
Q

the color receptors

A

cones

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41
Q

(macula lutea) the clearly defined light-sensitive area in the center of the retina that is responsible for sharp central vision

A

macula

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42
Q

a pit in the middle of the macula; color vision is best in this area because it contains a high concentration of cones and no rods

A

fovea centralis

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43
Q

(blind spot) a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve; called the blind spot because it does not contain any rods or cones to convert images into nerve impulses

A

optic disk

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44
Q

transmits these nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

A

optic nerve

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45
Q

the pigmented layer of the eye; it has a rich blood supply and consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

A

uvea

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46
Q

located within the choroid, is a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina

A

ciliary body

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47
Q

the colorful circular structure that surrounds the pupil; the muscles within the iris control the amount of light that is allowed to enter the eye through the pupil

A

iris

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48
Q

the transparent outer layer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil; the primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye

A

cornea

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49
Q

the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye

A

pupil

50
Q

the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses on the retina; contained within a clear capsule located behind the iris and pupil

A

lens

51
Q

the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances; these adjustments include contraction and dilation of the pupil, movement of the eyes, and changes in the shape of the lens

A

accommodation

52
Q

the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer

A

convergence

53
Q

the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

A

emmetropia

54
Q

(refractive power) the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina

A

refraction

55
Q

the ability to distinguish object detail and shape at a distance

A

visual acuity

56
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating the full spectrum of diseases and disorders of the eyes, from vision and correction to eye surgery

A

ophthalmologist

57
Q

hold a doctor of optometry degree and provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed

A

optometrist

58
Q

sometimes plays a role to an optometrist

A

certified paraoptometric

59
Q

a healthcare practitioner who designs, fits, and dispenses lenses for vision correction

A

optician

60
Q

(blepharoptosis) the drooping of the upper lid that is usually due to paralysis

A

ptosis

61
Q

a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper lid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland; a type of granuloma

A

chalazion

62
Q

(stye) a pus-filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid resulting from an acute infection in a sebaceous gland

A

hordeolum

63
Q

swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles

A

blepharitis

64
Q

the eversion of the edge of an eyelid; usually affects the lower lid, thereby exposing the inner surface of the eyelid to irritation and preventing tears from draining properly

A

ectropion

65
Q

the inversion of the edge of an eyelid; usually affects the lower eyelid and causes the eyelashes to tub against the cornea

A

entropion

66
Q

swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes; this can give the face a bloated appearance and cause the eyes to be partially covered by the swollen eyelids; this swelling is associated with conditions such as allergic reaction, nephrotic syndrome, or cellulitis

A

periorbital edema

67
Q

(pinkeye) an inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection or allergy

A

conjunctivitis

68
Q

an inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection; signs and symptoms of this condition include sudden severe pain, redness, and redness in the orbit of the eye

A

dacryoadenitis

69
Q

bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera; usually caused by an injury, creates a red area over the white of the eye

A

subconjunctival hemorrhage

70
Q

(dry eye) drying of the eye surfaces because the tear glands do not produce enough tears; this condition is often associated with aging, can also be due to systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or caused by a lack of vitamin A

A

xerophthalmia

71
Q

an inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation, complications can potentially lead to permanent vision loss

A

uveitis

72
Q

most common form of uveitis; inflammation of the uvea affects primary structures of the front eye that is sudden onset and may last 6-8 weeks

A

iritis

73
Q

an injury to the outer layers of the cornea

A

corneal abrasion

74
Q

a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury; can leave a cloudy scar that impairs vision

A

corneal ulcer

75
Q

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

A

diabetic retinopathy

76
Q

can occur as diabetic retinopathy progresses

A

diabetic macular edema

77
Q

an inflammation of the cornea; this condition can be due to many causes, including bacterial, viral, or fungal infections

A

keratitis

78
Q

occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision

A

keratoconus

79
Q

an inflammation of the sclera usually associated with infections, chemical injuries, or autoimmune diseases

A

scleritis

80
Q

a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size; can be congenital or caused by a head injury, an aneurysm, or pathology of the central nervous system

A

anisocoria

81
Q

the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity; the formation of most cataracts is associated with aging; however, this condition can be congenital or due to an injury or disease

A

cataract

82
Q

(vitreous floaters) particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous humor and cast shadows in the retina, may be an indication of retinal detachment

A

floaters

83
Q

the presence of what appears to be flashes of light, or flashers; often caused by damage to the eye or migraine headaches

A

photopsia

84
Q

the contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs

A

miosis

85
Q

the dilation of the pupil caused by diseases, trauma, and drugs

A

mydriasis

86
Q

an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by neurological injury or drug use

A

nystagmus

87
Q

(choked disk) swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk caused by increased intracranial pressure and can be due to a tumor pressing on the optic nerve

A

papilledema

88
Q

(detached retina, retina tears) the separation of some or all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid

A

retinal detachment

89
Q

a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision; can be detected by the presence of dark pigmented spots in the retina

A

retinitis pigmentosa

90
Q

a form of vasculitis that can cause a sudden vision loss, usually in one eye

A

temporal arteritis

91
Q

a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve; this increased pressure is caused by a blockage of flow of fluid out of the eye; if untreated, this pressure can cause loss of peripheral vision and eventual blindness

A

glaucoma

92
Q

(chronic glaucoma) the trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure; symptoms are not noticed until the optic nerve has been damaged

A

open-angle glaucoma

93
Q

(acute glaucoma) the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork; this narrowing can cause a sudden increase in the intraocular pressure that produces severe pain, nausea, redness of the eye, and blurred vision; without immediate treatment, blindness can occur in as little as 2 days

A

closed-angle glaucoma

94
Q

(MD) a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness

A

macular degeneration

95
Q

(double vision) the perception of two images of a single object and is sometimes a symptom of a serious underlying disorder such as MS or a brain tumor

A

diplopia

96
Q

blindness in one-half of the visual field

A

hemianopia

97
Q

(color blindness) the inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner; a genetic condition caused by deficiencies in or the absence of certain types of cones in the retina

A

monochromatism

98
Q

(night blindness) a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night

A

nyctalopia

99
Q

excessive sensitivity to light and can be a result of migraines, excessive wearing of contact lenses, drug use, or inflammation

A

photophobia

100
Q

the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging; with age, near vision declines noticeably as the lens becomes less flexible and the muscles of the ciliary body become weaker, which results in the eyes no longer being able to focus the image properly ont he retina

A

presbyopia

101
Q

a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly, because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

A

strabismus

102
Q

(cross-eyes) strabismus characterized by the inward deviation of one or both eyes

A

esotropia

103
Q

(wall eye) strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

A

exotropia

104
Q

a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina

A

refractive disorder

105
Q

any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina

A

ametropia

106
Q

a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

A

astigmatism

107
Q

(farsightedness) a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina; this condition can occur in childhood but usually causes difficulty after age 40

A

hyperopia

108
Q

(nearsightedness) a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; this condition usually occurs around puberty

A

myopia

109
Q

a point in which, under law, an individual is considered to be blind; best-corrected vision is 20/200 or less

A

legal blindness

110
Q

a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye

A

amblyopia

111
Q

(blind spot) an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

A

scotoma

112
Q

(SC) used to measure visual acuity; the results for each eye are recorded as a fraction with 20/20 being considered normal

A

Snellen chart

113
Q

done to determine an eye’s refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribes

A

refraction test

114
Q

the unit of measurement of a lens’ refractive power

A

diopter

115
Q

an examination of how the two eyes work together and is used to assess binocular vision; one eye at a time is covered while the patient focuses on an object across the room

A

cover test

116
Q

(perimetry) performed to determine losses in peripheral vision; this test is done by having the patient look straight ahead and indicate whether or not they can see an object or flash of light when it is presented in their periphery

A

visual field testing

117
Q

(fundoscopy) the use of an ophthalmoscope to visually examine the fundus of the eye; this examination includes the retina. optic disk, choroid, and blood vessels

A

ophthalmoscopy

118
Q

required in preparation for the ophthalmoscopic examination of the interior of the eye; artificial enlargement of the pupils is achieved through the use of mydriatic drops

A

dilation

119
Q

placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light

A

mydriatic drops

120
Q

a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens; often fluorescein staining is used to help detect foreign bodies or an infected or injured area of the eye

A

slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy

121
Q

the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eyedrops or a strip applicator; this dye causes a corneal abrasion to temporarily appear bright green

A

fluorescein staining

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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