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MEDSCI201 > The upper limb > Flashcards

The upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Comprises the clavicle and shoulder. Links free limb to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint

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2
Q

Movements of Pectoral girdle

A

Scapula retraction & protraction
Scapula elevation & depression
Superior rotation (abduction) & inferior rotation (adduction)

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3
Q

Scapula

A

Triangular, flat bone covering the posterior and lateral surface of ribs 2-7

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4
Q

How many angles, borders, protuberances and surfaces does the scapula have?

A

3 of each (12 in total)

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5
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Saddle shaped synovial joint. Has two cavities divided by a fibrocartilaginous disc (intra-articular disc)

Four ligaments
A & P sternoclavicular lig
Costoclavicular lig
Interclavicular lig

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6
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

Has a wedge shaped fibrocartilaginous intra-articular disc.

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7
Q

Anterior muscles of Pectoral Girdle

A

Axial to Pec G
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

Axial to humerus
Pectoralis major

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8
Q

Posterior muscles of Pec G

A

Axial to Pec G
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

Axial to humerus
Latissimus dorsi

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9
Q

Pec G to humerus

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Deltoid
Teres Major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii

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10
Q

Origin

A

Moves the least

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11
Q

Insertion

A

Moves the most

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12
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Adducts the humerus
Internally rotates humerus
Can help protract scapula by pulling on humerus

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13
Q

Subclavius

A

C5
Braces clavicle
Weak depressor of scapula

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14
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Depresses scapula
Helps protract scapula

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15
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Protracts scapula
Lower fibres help superiorly rotate scapula

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16
Q

Trapezius

A

Superior - elevates scapula
Middle - retracts scapula
Lower - depresses scapula
Sup & inf - superior rotation of scapula

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17
Q

Levator scapula

A

Elevates scapula
Helps inferiorly rotate scapula

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18
Q

Rhomboid minor & major

A

Retracts scapula
Elevates scapula
Helps inferiorly rotate scapula

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19
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Adducts the humerus
Internally rotates humerus
Lower fibres can depress scapula by pulling on humerus
Can help inferiorly rotate scapula by pulling on humerus

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20
Q

Elevators of scapula

A

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhom major and minor

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21
Q

Depressors of scapula

A

Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Lower fibers at pectoralis major
Lower trapezius
Lower fibers of serratus anterior
Lower fibers of latissimus dorsi

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22
Q

Protractors of scapula (abduction)

A

Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior

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23
Q

Rectractors of the scapula (adduction)

A

Rhom minor and major
Middle fibers of trapezius
Upper fibers of latissimus dorsi

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24
Q

Inferior rotators of the scapula

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomb major and minor
Pectoralis minor
Lower Pectoralis major

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25
Q

Superior rotators of the scapula

A

Trapezius, upper part
Trapezius, lower part
Serratus anterior

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26
Q

Shoulder joint

A

Also known as the glenohumeral joint

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27
Q

Bone ends - humerus

A

The single, large, long bone of the arm. The articular surface of the head forms 2/5ths of
a sphere and is covered with hyaline cartilage. It is considerably larger than the glenoid fossa with which it articulates - hence the great mobility of the shoulder joint. Note also the very short anatomical neck, which separates the head from the greater and lesser tubercles, which are in turn separated by the intertubercular groove (spanned by the transverse humeral ligament and holds the long head of biceps brachii). The surgical neck of the humerus is the upper end of the shaft of the bone, below the tubercles, and is a common site of fracture.

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28
Q

Bone ends - Scapula

A

The very shallow, pear shaped glenoid fossa of the scapula faces, in the anatomical
position, antero-laterally and is smaller in area than the articular surface of the head
of the humerus. It does not in any sense ‘hold’ the head of the humerus in position (cf
the acetabular fossa of the hip joint). The fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum surrounds
the fossa but does little to improve stability of the joint.

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29
Q

Bursae

A

Minimise friction of tendons as they pass across bones or other tendons to their insertions

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30
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Anterior
Subscapularis

Posterior
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

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31
Q

Subscapularis

A

Internally rotates arm

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32
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Abducts arm

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33
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Externally rotates arm

34
Q

Teres minor

A

Externally rotates arm

35
Q

Deltoid

A

Innervated by axillary nerve
Divided into three parts, anterior, posterior and middle fibres

36
Q

Posterior fibres of deltoid

A

Extend shoulder
Externally rotates arm
Abduct / adducts arm with ant.fibres (depending on shoulder position)

37
Q

Anterior fibres

A

Flex shoulder
Internally rotates arm
Abduct / adducts arm with post. fibres (depending on shoulder position)

38
Q

Middle fibres

A

Multipennate
Abducts arm

39
Q

Teres major

A

Internal rotation of arm
Adducts shoulder
Inserts on medial lip of intertubercular groove

40
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Adduction of shoulder
Inserts on medial side of humerus

41
Q

Arm abductors

A

Supraspinatus
Deltoid, middle part

42
Q

Arm adductors

A

Posterior
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Long head of triceps
Post deltoid

Anterior
Ant. deltoid
Pec. Major
Coracobrachialis

43
Q

Arm flexors

A

Anterior deltoid
Clavicular head of pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii

44
Q

Arm extensors

A

Posterior deltoid
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Long head of triceps
Sternocostal portion of pectoralis major

45
Q

Internal rotators and External rotators

A

Internal
Pec. major
Ant. deltoid
Subscapularis
Latissimus dorsi
Teres Major

External
Post. deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

46
Q

Organisation of arm

A

Anterior and posterior compartments are separated by medial and lateral muscular septa. Septa attach to medial and lateral supracondylar ridges of the humerus

Intermuscular septa are continuous with deep fascia

47
Q

Anterior compartment

A

Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis make up bulk

48
Q

Posterior compartment

A

Triceps has three heads: long, lateral and medial.

49
Q

The elbow

A

Three joints in one capsule
The humero-ulnar and humero-radial joints comprise a hinge joint with 135* of flexion/extension. The superior radio-ulnar joint provides for pronation and supination of the forearm.

50
Q

Elbow ligaments

A

Triangular ulnar or medial collateral ligament. Ulnar nerve passes behind the medial epicondyle and lies on intermediate part of medial ligament

Radial or lateral collateral ligament extends from lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament

Annular ligament is attached to the edges of the radial notch of the ulna and surrounds the head of the radius. This allows the head of the ladius to spin during pronation and supination

51
Q

Shunt muscles

A

Long head triceps
Deltoid
Short head biceps
Coracobrachialis

52
Q

What do shunt muscles do?

A

Help prevent unwanted inferior movement of the humeral head at the shoulder joint during loading e.g carrying a heavy item

53
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Supinator
Elbow flexor

54
Q

Brachialis

A

Main elbow flexor

55
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Adduction of the shoulder

56
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Elbow extensor

57
Q

Carrying angle

A

Angle between radius and humerus
> 15* in males
< 15* in females

58
Q

Functions of interosseous membrane

A

Hinge
Muscle attachment
Force transmission

59
Q

Pronator/Supinator

A

Pronate/Supinate

60
Q

Flexor/Extensor

A

Flexion/Extension

61
Q

Abductor/Adductor

A

Abducts/Adducts

62
Q

Palmaris

A

Palm

63
Q

Carpi

A

Carpals of wrist

64
Q

Digitorum

A

Digits or fingers

65
Q

Pollicis

A

Thumb

66
Q

Indicis

A

Index finger

67
Q

Digiti minimi

A

Little finger

68
Q

Radialis / Ulnaris

A

Radius / Ulnar

69
Q

Superficialis / Profundus

A

Superficial / Deep

70
Q

Teres

A

Round

71
Q

Quadratus

A

Quadrangular (square)

72
Q

Longus

A

Long

73
Q

Brevis

A

Short

74
Q

Anterior flexor compartment

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Common origin from common flexor tendon of anterior aspect of medial epicondyle

75
Q

Ulnar origin muscles (deep)

A

Flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus

76
Q

Flexor pollicis longus origin

A

Radius

77
Q

Flexor carpi radialis insertion

A

base of 2nd metacarpal

78
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris insertion

A

Pisiform carpal bone

79
Q

Muscles flexing the wrist

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
aided by palmaris longus

80
Q
A

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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