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MEDSCI201 > Rote learning Test 1 > Flashcards

Rote learning Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Villus

A

Branch of the placenta

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2
Q

Trophoblasts

A

Epithelial cells unique to the placenta - multiple subtypes all derived from trophectoderm of the blastocyst

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3
Q

Villous cytotrophoblast

A

Trophoblast progenitor cell type found mainly in the first trimester underlying the syncytiotrophoblast

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4
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Surface layer of the placenta formed by fusion of VCTB. STB does not replicate but is replaced by fusion of additional VCTB

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5
Q

Extravillous cytotrophoblast

A

Differentiated cells that have migrated out of the villous placenta towards the maternal tissues

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6
Q

Primitive syncytium

A

The invasive multinucleated cell found in the lacunar phase

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7
Q

Anchoring villi

A

Anchor the placenta to the uterine tissue and also transform the maternal spiral arteries.

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8
Q

Layers of decidua

A

Decidua basalis - the decidua underlying the implantation site

Decidua capsularis - the decidua overlying the implantation site

Decidua peritalis - the decidua around the remainder of the uterus

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9
Q

Hormones influencing breasts

A

Oestrogen - essential for breast growth
Progesterone - induces side branching of ducts
Prolactin - necessary for alveolar development but also stimulates casein and lactalbumin mRNAS
Growth hormone - relate to prolactin
Insulin and cortisol - stimulate alveolar epithelial cell division

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10
Q

Common cardinal vein

A

Drains the embryo

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11
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo

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12
Q

Vitelline vein

A

Carries nutrient laden blood from the diminishing yolk sac to the Sinus Venosus

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13
Q

Conus cordis

A

Forms the outflow tracts of both ventricles

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14
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

Form proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Transfers most of the blood from he pulmonary into the aorta

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16
Q

Placenta blood flow to…

A

Drains oxygen rich blood back via the umbilical vein (liver)

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17
Q

Trachea epi

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Bronchus epi

A

Psuedostratified Columnar ciliated

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19
Q

lower bronchus epi

A

cuboidal ciliated

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20
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium + goblet cells + stem/basal cells

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21
Q

Gastrin cells (G cells) in stomach

A

Predominate in antrum - secreted when food present Stimulate chief cells (pepsinogen -> pepsin), ECL cells (produce histamine) which stimulate parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor which helps uptake of Vit B12)

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22
Q

Secretin cells

A

Stimulate D cells to produce somatostatin (inhibit gastrin) and stimulate bile and pancreatic duct to secrete bicarbonate and water.

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23
Q

Cholecystokinin cells (CCK, I cells)

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

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24
Q

Somatostatin (SST, D cells)

A

Inhibit parietal cells and ECL cells, thereby inhibiting the function of G-cells

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25
Q

L cell secretions

A

GLP-1
GLP-2
Oxyntomodulin
PYY

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26
Q

GLP-1

A

Many actions - brain, gut (slow gastric emptying) and pancreas - maintain blood glucose levels

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27
Q

GLP - 2

A

Main target is gut - increase nutrient transport and enhance gut surface area

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28
Q

Oxyntomodulin

A

Suppress appetite

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29
Q

PYY

A

Lower enzyme, bicarb and bile secretion - slow gastric emptying

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30
Q

K cell hormone

A

activate GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide)

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31
Q

GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide)

A

Pancreas - enhance insulin secretion and decrease glucagon secretion

32
Q

P/D1 cells

A

Secrete Gherlin

33
Q

Ghrelin

A

Stimulates hunger. Gastric motility and emptying

34
Q

Gastrinoma (Zollinger Ellison Syndrome)

A

Stomach ulcers and diarrhea

35
Q

Insulinoma

A

Hypoglycemia

36
Q

Glucagonoma

A

Hyperglycemia and diabetes

37
Q

Somatostatinoma

A

Gallstones, intolerance to fat in the diet and fatty diarrhea

38
Q

GI-nets

A

Serotonin
Gastrin
Glucagon

39
Q

PNets

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Gastrin
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

40
Q

Decidua basalis

A

The decidua underlying the implantation site

41
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

The decidua overlying the implantation site

42
Q

Decidua peritalis

A

Decidua around the remainder of the uterus

43
Q

Oestrogen for breasts

A

Essential for breast growth

44
Q

Progesterone for breasts

A

Induces side branching of ducts

45
Q

Prolactin for breasts

A

Necessary for alveolar development but also stimulates casein and lactalbumin mRNAs

46
Q

Growth hormone for breast

A

Relate to prolactin - Necessary for alveolar development but also stimulates casein and lactalbumin mRNAs

47
Q

Insulin and cortisol for breasts

A

Stimulate alveolar epithelial cell division

48
Q

Endocervix epi

A

single columnar epithelium

49
Q

Ectocervix epi

A

multi-layered squamous epithelium

50
Q

Transitional zone

A

forms during menstrual cycle between the two

51
Q

Endometrium changes during the uterine cycle

A

Menses- Destruction of functional layer

Proliferative - Repair and regeneration of functional layer

Secretory phases - Secretion of uterine glands

52
Q

What does the ovarian ligament do?

A

Connects the ovaries to the uterus

53
Q

What does the broad ligament do?

A

Stops lateral movement of the uterus

54
Q

What does the suspensory ligament do?

A

Connects the ovaries to the pelvic wall and contains the ovarian arteries/veins

55
Q

Functional layer of endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis - shed during menstruation

56
Q

Basal layer of endometrium

A

Stratum basalis - source of regeneration for function layer after menstruation

57
Q

Extravillous trophoblast columns

A

Group of cells that branch out of anchoring villi and migrate deeper into decidua and spiral arteries

58
Q

Endovascular trophoblasts

A

Transform spiral arteries - line the blood vessel replacing the endothelial and smooth muscle

59
Q

What is the basement membrane made out of?

A

Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Lamina fibroreticularis

60
Q

Exocrine

A

released via a duct onto an epithelial surface e.g sweat, sebum

61
Q

Merocrine

A

Secretion via exocytois
No part of the gland is lost or damaged
Salivary glands

62
Q

Apocrine

A

Budding of off extracellular membrane-bound vesicles
Cell loses part of its cytoplasm during secretion. Mammary glands

63
Q

Holocrine

A

Released via rupture of plasma membrane, destroying cell
Sebaceous glands

64
Q

Mesangial cell

A

Helps phagocytose and modulate how leaky the filtration unit is (contraction and relaxation)

65
Q

Podocytes

A

Glomerular (visceral epithelium)

66
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Granular cells (myoepithelial cells) in the media of the arteriole (produce renin)

67
Q

Pale cells

A

Modified extraglomerular mesangial cells

68
Q

Types of cells in the Small intestine

A

Enteroendocrine
Enterocytes
Goblet
Paneth

69
Q

Types of cells in the stomach

A

Parietal
Chief
Mucous
G cells
D cells

70
Q

Simple columnar mucous cells of surface and pits

A

Insoluble, alkaline / neutral glycoproteins forms a protective sheet above the epithelium. Have mucous coat - protect from autodigestion

71
Q

Small intestine features

A

Villus
Intestinal gland
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa

72
Q

Columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)

A

Enterokinases activate pancreatic enzymes and glycosidases -CHO

Microvilli - stirring luminal content and increase surface area

Has lamina propria - smooth muscle

73
Q

Epithelium of urethra and bladder

A

Bladder: transitional -> stratified columnar -> stratified squamous (outside)

74
Q

Order of blood supply of multilobar kidney

A

Aorta
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole

75
Q

Blood supply to outer cortex

A

Capillaries of cortex
Stellate vein
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
Inferior Vena Cava

76
Q

Inner Cortex blood supply

A

Arterial (descending) Vasa recta
Capillaries of Medulla
Venous (Ascending) Vasa Recta
Arcuate Vein

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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