Renal system Flashcards
Layers of Nephron
Cortex
Outer medulla (Outer stripe, Inner stripe)
Inner medulla
Renal corpuscle
Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus
Renal corpuscle formation
Blind ended tube attracted to blood vessel (insinuation) forming capillary tuft (Glomerulus / Glomerular capillaries) then into a renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus)
Mesangial cell
Helps phagocytose and modulate how leaky the filtration unit is (contraction and relaxation)
Podocytes
Glomerular (visceral epithelium)
Juxtaglomerular cells
Granular cells (myoepithelial cells) in the media of the arteriole (produce renin)
Pale cells
Modified extraglomerular mesangial cells
Dense spots of Macula densa
Sample the tubule (sensors)
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Juxtaglomerular cells
Pale cells
Macula densa
Urinary pole
Region of the renal corpuscle where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins.
Vascular pole
Afferent and efferent arteriole end
Filtration & reabsorption amount
1700 litres/day through glomerular capillaries
180 litres/day plasma filtered
1.5 litres urine/day
Components of filter
Endothelium of capillary
Basement membrane
Slit pores (covered by a slit membrane) between podocytes
Surface coat of processes
Basal lamina components
Lamina rara interna
Lamina densa
Lamina rara externa
Basal lamina
Collagen fibres in a glycoprotein matrix (proteoglycans)
Diaphragm function
In between epithelial foot processes. Cell-surface proteins (nephrin, podocalyxin and P-cadherin) restrict the passage of large macromolecules (e.g serum albumin and gamma globulin)
What gets through the diaphragm
Particles can get through, but the negative charge of the surface coat (acidic glycoproteins) help repel negatively charged proteins back into the bloodstream. Size, shape and charge are important
Proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, ions and all organic nutrients
Distal convoluted tubule
Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins. Variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions and calcium ions (under hormonal control)
Renal corpuscle function
Production of filtrate
Nephron loop
Further reabsorption of water (descending limb) and both sodium and chloride ions (ascending limb)
Connecting tubules and collecting duct function
Variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption or secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Papillary duct
Delivery of urine to minor calyx
Common features between epithelial tubular cells of different regions of the nephron
Cytoplasmic processes interdigitate
Zonula occludens (tight junction) at luminal surface
Basal lamina continuous
Intercellular space is continuous with the peritubular space
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- Renal capsule
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Medullary Ray
- Papilla
- Calyx
- Pelvis
- Ureter
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- Renal column
- Medullary Ray
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Minor Calyx
- Papilla
Order of blood supply of multilobar kidney
Aorta
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Blood supply to outer cortex
Capillaries of cortex
Stellate vein
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
Inferior Vena Cava
Inner Cortex blood supply
Arterial (descending) Vasa recta
Capillaries of Medulla
Venous (Ascending) Vasa Recta
Arcuate Vein
Vasa recta
Thin-walled vessels, with larger lumen than capillaries
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- Endothelium
- Lamina rara interna
- Lamina Densa
- Lamina rara externa
- Epithelial foot processes
- Basal lamina
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1.Proximal convoluted tubule
2.Basement membrane
3. Erythrocytes
4. Glomerular basement membrane
5. Capsular (parietal) epithelium
6. Juxtaglomerular cells
7. Afferent arteriole
8. Smooth muscle cells in media
9. Distal tubule
10. Macula densa
11. Efferent arteriole
12. Pale cells
13. Glomerular (visceral) epithelium
14. Endothelium
15. Mesangial cell
16. Glomerular capillaries
Epithelium of urethra and bladder
Bladder: transitional -> stratified columnar -> stratified squamous (outside)
Transitional epithelium
Surrounded by a smooth muscle layer and fibro-elastic connective tissue
Urine proofed - with tight junctions between cells and a specialised cell membrane on luminal side
