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MEDSCI201 > Alimentary System > Flashcards

Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system on digestion

A

Parasympathetic : increases
Sympathetic: decreases

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2
Q

Layers of the stomach

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia/Serosa

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3
Q

Mucosal specialisations of stomach and SI

A

Stomach - gastric pits & glands
SI - villi & crypts

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4
Q

Additional folds of Stomach and SI

A

Transient e.g rugae of stomach
Permanent e.g plicae circularis of SI

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5
Q

Two types of nerve plexus

A

Submucosal - Meissner’s nerve plexus
Myenteric - Auerbach’s nerve plexus

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6
Q

Types of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

all tubular alveolar structure

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7
Q

Parotid glands

A

Serous (watery) only glands

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8
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Mixed, mostly mucus

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9
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Mixed, both watery and mucus

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10
Q

Serous acinus

A

Has myoepithelial cells (contractile properties)
Zymogen granules (enyzmes) - amylase - CHO

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11
Q

Mucous acinus

A

Has mucous granules

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12
Q

Serous demilune

A

Mixed acinus

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13
Q

Striated duct

A

Columns of mitochondria
^ energy for active transport

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14
Q

functions of saliva

A

Lubrication
Protection
Digestion

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15
Q

Lubrication of saliva

A

Carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins & mucopolysaccharides (mucins)

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16
Q

Protection of saliva components

A

Bacterial adhesion & secretions
Bicarbonate ions
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin (counteract Fe dep. bac.)
Immunoglobulin A - Breakdown Bac/Virus

Vomit (acidic)

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17
Q

Digestion of saliva components

A

Amylase (active range pH 4-11)
Lipase (optimal pH 4.0)
Kallikrein - modulating blood flow

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18
Q

Control of salivary secreton

A

PSNS: accelerates secretion, large amounts of watery saliva, myoepithelial cells contract, increased blood flow.

SNS: secretion of small viscous saliva containing high enzyme concentrations. reduced volume - dry mouth. Blood vessels are constricted

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19
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dry Mouth
Mumps (virus that targets the parotid glands)
Salivary duct calculi (stones)
Salivary gland tumours (usually benign)
Sjogren’s syndrome - autoimmune condition (generalised dryness)
Medications

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20
Q

Hypersalivation (water brash)

A

Associated with many conditions (inc peptic ulceration & IBD)
Medications
Toxins (organophosphates, arsenic)

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21
Q

Oesophagus Function

A

Rapid transport (peristalsis) of food bolus.
25cm long
Thick muscular wall, protective lining. Collapsed outline with fold of submucosa when empty, stretched out flat as food descends to the stomach

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22
Q

Oesophagus epithelium

A

Thick stratified squamous epithelium, non keratinised in humans. Transitions into simple cuboidal/columnar as approaches stomach

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23
Q

Muscularis mucosae of oesophagus

A

Absent/rare near upper oesophagus but developed near stomach . Longitudinal smooth muscle & elastic network

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24
Q

Submucosa in oesophagus

A

Loosely and irregularly arranged connective tissue layer. Glands are present

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25
Q

Muscularis externa of oesophagus

A

Inner and outer thick coats. Inner = many spiral and oblique bundles. Outer = irregular arranged
Pharyngeal end = skeletal muscle (swallowing)
Gastric end - smooth muscle
Peristalsis vs segmentation
Sphincters - some increase in muscle coat in lower sphincter area. Tonal contraction

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26
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

A

Metaplasia of lower oesophagus, strong association with oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Replacement of st.sq.ep by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Believed to be adaptation to chronic acid exposure/reflux oesophagitis

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27
Q

Oesophageal varices

A

Extremely dilated submucosal veins, even thinner wall
Bleeding/ haemorrhage/ necrosis / ulceration / infection
Portal hypertension (^ resistance in liver from e.g cirrhosis); blood flow through hepatic portal system is redirected to area with lower venous pressures.

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28
Q

Stomach - cardia

A

Mostly mucous glands

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29
Q

Stomach - pylorus

A

Mucus, enzymes, hormones

30
Q

Stomach - Fundus and Body

A

Mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones

31
Q

Three muscular layers of stomach

A

Outer longitudinal muscle layer
Inner circular muscle layer
Innermost oblique muscle layer

32
Q

Simple columnar mucous cells of surface and pits

A

Insoluble, alkaline / neutral glycoproteins forms a protective sheet above the epithelium. Have mucous coat - protect from autodigestion

33
Q

Mucous neck cells of gastric glands

A

Soluble, acidic glycoproteins secreted when food is present, mucous granules are less densely packed

34
Q

Parietal cell (oxyntic cell)

A

OH converted to HCO3- exchanged for Cl-. HCO3- diffuses into venous blood leaving the stomach.

Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor

35
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

For Vit B12 abs - RBC haematopoiesis
- decreased pernicious anemia

36
Q

HCl

A

Gastroenteritis (HCl) acidifying environment
increased activation of pepsin

37
Q

Chief cell (zymogenic cell)

A

Enzyme pepsin secreted in inactive form (pepsinogen) into the lumen of the gland

38
Q

Pepsinogen

A

A substance made by chief cells. Acid in the stomach changes pepsinogen to pepsin, which breaks down proteins in food during digestion.

39
Q

Enteroendocrine cell

A

Hormone (e.g gastrin) liberated through basal lamina into capillaries of lamina propria

G cells - gastrin
ECL cells - histamine
D cells - somatostatin

40
Q

Coeliac

A

autoimmune
Decreased villous atrophy - attacked by own immune cells - less capacity to absorb

41
Q

Smooth muscle in SI

A

squeeze / milk lacteals
Localised mixing

42
Q

Small intestine features

A

Villus
Intestinal gland
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa

43
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Transport of carbohydrates proteins, water and electrolytes. Venules in the submucosa are tributaries of it

44
Q

Transport of absorbed lipids

A

Lymphatic vessels which drain into the venous system

45
Q

Columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)

A

Enterokinases activate pancreatic enzymes and glycosidases -CHO

Microvilli - stirring luminal content and increase surface area

Has lamina propria - smooth muscle

46
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus
Lubrication

47
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Hormones are liberated through basal lamina into capillaries of lamina propria e.g serotonin and somatostain

48
Q

Paneth cells

A

Produce:
TNF-a - produces inflammation in response to bacteria and parasites
Lysozyme - bactericidal, destroys bacterial membranes
Defensins - increases ion channels in cell membranes of invading organisms, increases permeability

49
Q

Regional specialisations -duodenum

A

25cm C shaped
Acidic chyme - acts as stimuli for enteroendocrine cells to release hormones for impact on gallbladder (release bile) and pancreas (release pancreatic enzymes)

Submucosal glands - Brunners glands - only found in duodenum. HCO3 mucus neutralise acidic chyme.

50
Q

Jejunum

51
Q

Ileum

A

3.5m
Lymphatic aggregates that are macroscopically visible (peyer’s patches) ^ WBC leukocytes. Kills bacteria

52
Q

Large intestine

A

1.5m long, minor digestive role but major absorptive role

53
Q

Caecum (with appendix)

A

Ileocecal valve regulates passage of materials. Collects and stores arriving material and begins process of compaction.

54
Q

Appendix

A

Slender, hollow, vermiform, dominated by lymphoid nodules

55
Q

Taenia coli

A

Coils formed by this creates Haustra

56
Q

Colon - ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid - Mucosa features

A

smooth, numerous crypts of Lieberkuhn, has columnar absorptive cells, and goblet cells. Enteroendocrine cells are present, not visible under light microscope. Undifferentiated cells near the base of glands

57
Q

Colon: Lamina Propria

A

Dense layer of collagen immediately beneath epithelium, numerous lymphatic nodules extending down into submucosa

58
Q

Colon: Muscularis externa

A

Circular and longitudinal layers present. Outer longitudinal forms three bands running along the colon (teniae coli) - Allows colon to contract independently. Contract pulls intestinal tube into sac-like pockets (haustra coli)

59
Q

Rectum/Anus

A

Temporary storage of faecal material.
Final portion = anal canal (mucosa contains longitudinal folds called anal columns)
Distal margins = transverse folds - mark boundaries between columnar epithelium -> stratified squamous
Anal sphincters = internal (smooth muscle) & external skeletal muscle

60
Q

Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in Oesophagus

A

Location: Basal part of epithelium
Surface cells: days

61
Q

Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in stomach

A

Location: Near the neck of gastric pits
Surface:days
Deeper:weeks/months

62
Q

Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in Small intestine

A

Location: Lower 1/2 of glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn)
Surface: Days
Deeper: week/months

63
Q

Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in Large Intestine

A

Location: Lower 1/3 of glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn)
Surface: Days

64
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Stops cell cycle
Affect normal replacement of cells

65
Q

Upper oesophagus

A

Under voluntary control

66
Q

Protective mechanisms: Prostaglandin E2

A

Make cells more susceptible to environment

Mucous coat
Bicarbonate ions
Phospholipid enrichment
Rapid replacement (germ cells)

Inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

67
Q

Protective mechanisms: Helicobacter pylori

A

Urease -> ammonia
Toxins (unclerogens - ulcer inducing - loss of epithelium)

68
Q

Types of cells in the stomach

A

Parietal
Chief
Mucous
G cells
D cells

69
Q

Types of cells in the Small intestine

A

Enteroendocrine
Enterocytes
Goblet
Paneth

70
Q

Types of cells in Large intestine

A

Enterocytes
Goblet

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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