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MEDSCI201 > Neural > Flashcards

Neural Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Somatic Motor System do?

A

Provides conscious, voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

Motor commands are issued by the primary cortex in response to conscious decision to make a specific movement

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2
Q

Primary Motor cortex. (M1)

A

Pyramidal cells from layer of the cerebral cortex synapse with the brainstem or spinal cord.

Regions of the primary motor cortex map to regions of the body and this be represented as a motor homunculus

Greater control required - larger area assigned of M1

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3
Q

Motor pathways in the CNS and PNS

A

Upper motor neuron - cranial nerve nuclei / somatic motor nuclei of brainstem-> skeletal muscle of face, hand and neck

Lower motor nuclei - somatic motor nuclei of spinal cord -> skeletal muscle of lower body

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4
Q

Upper limbs

A
  • pyramids to lateral corticospinal tract
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5
Q

Decussation of Lateral corticospinal tract

A

85% of UMN - controlling more distal muscles - e.g hand

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6
Q

Decussation of Anterior corticospinal tract

A

15% - control more proximal or axial muscles

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7
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sense of where our muscles are in space

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8
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

sensing tension - prevent damage

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9
Q

Muscle spindle afferents

A

Control muscle length

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10
Q

Muscle spindle afferents of lower body pathway

A

To Clarke’s’ nucleus to dorsal spinocerebellar tract to cerebellum and dorsal column nuclei

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11
Q

Muscle spindle afferents, upper body pathway

A

Straight to cerebellum and dorsal column nuclei

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12
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Receptors in our skin
Have different structures and location

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13
Q

Merkel cells

A

Fine touch and detail

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14
Q

Free nerve ending

A

light, pain, temperature

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15
Q

Tactile corpuscle

A

vibration

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16
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Pressure

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17
Q

Lamellated corpuscle

A

Vibration

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18
Q

Exteroreceptors, proprioceptors of back, body wall and limbs

A

From dorsal and ventral ramus respectively and travel to the somatic sensory area

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19
Q

Interoceptors

A

Travel to the visceral sensory area

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20
Q

Posterior-column pathway function

A

carries proprioception, fine touch, pressure and vibration

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21
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract function

A

carries crude touch and pressure sensations

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22
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract function

A

carries pain and temperature sensations

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23
Q

Sensory modality arrangement

A

Fine touch, pressure, vibration, pain and temp, crude touch

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24
Q

Somatotopic arrangement

A

Different info from different sources is carried in different parts

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25
Q

Medial-lateral rule

A

Leg in middle
Arm on outside
In terms of spinal cord

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26
Q

Medial lemniscus pathway

A

Axons of first order neurons enter spinal cord through dorsal root and ascend the fasciculus cuneatus or grailus

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27
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

upper body

28
Q

Fasciculus gracilus

A

lower body

29
Q

Nucleus cuneatus and gracilus

A

Second order neurons that synapse in the thalamus. Axons decussate here

30
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

carries axons and synapses in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPN) of the thalamus to third order neurons

31
Q

Reflex arc

A

allows for immediate involuntary response to stimuli

32
Q

Monosynaptic

A

Involves a peripheral sensory neuron and a central motor neuron. Stimulation will lead to a reflexive contraction in a skeletal muscle

33
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Polysynaptic reflex circuit involves a sensory neuron, interneurons and motor neurons.

Stimulation of receptor leads to coordinated contractions of two different skeletal muscles

34
Q

Nerve plexuses

A

Adjacent spinal nerves blend their fibres to produce a series of compound nerve trunks. This interwoven network of nerves is a called a nerve plexus

35
Q

Four nerve plexus

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

36
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1
Innervates the upper limb
The root emerging from C5-T1 unite to form the superior, middle and inferior trunks and they divide into posterior and anterior division

37
Q

Lateral cord

A

Anterior divisions of superior and middle trunk

38
Q

Posterior cord

A

Posterior division of all three trunks

39
Q

Medial cord

A

Anterior division of the inferior trunk

40
Q

Nerves of the arm and forearm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve

41
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Innervates muscles of the anterior arm. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm - lateral aspect of forearm

Nerve roots C5-7

42
Q

Radial nerve

A

Innervates muscles of the posterior arm and posterior compartment of the forearm
Nerve roots C5-T1

43
Q

Lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm

A

Innervates the lateral aspect of the upper arm, below the delts

C5-C6

44
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm

A

Innervates the posterior surface of the upper arm
C6-C8

45
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm

A

Innervates a strip of skin down the middle of the posterior forearm
C6-C8

46
Q

Superficial branch of radial nerve

A

Innervates the dorsal surface of the hand and lateral 3 and half digits and dorsum of thumb
C7-C8

47
Q

Median nerve

A

Innervates muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm. Thenar muscles of the hand and first two lumbricals

Nerve roots C6-T1

48
Q

Palmar cutaneous branch of radial

A

Innervates lateral aspect of palm

49
Q

Palmar digital cutaneous branch of radial

A

Innervates the palmar surface and fingertips of the lateral three and half digits

50
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Innervates two muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm: flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris

Nerve roots: C8-T1

51
Q

Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar

A

Innervates the skin of the medial half of the palm

52
Q

Dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar

A

Innervates skin of dorsal surface of medial aspect of the hand and medial one and half fingers

53
Q

Superficial branch of ulnar

A

Innervates the palmar surface of the medial one and a half fingers

54
Q

Axillary Nerve

A

Gives of superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm, which innervates the inferior region of the deltoid. C5-C6

Deltoids, teres major

55
Q

Medial brachial cutaneous nerve from medial cord

A

Innervates medial surface of upper arm

56
Q

Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve of medial cord

A

Innervates anterior surface of the arm and medial surface of the lower arm

57
Q

Brachial plexus injury

A

Traumatic injury that involves damage to the shoulder or arm can cause damage to the brachial plexus

58
Q

Erbs palsy

A

C5-C6 superior trunk
Musculocutaneous and axillary nerve

Loss of function of shoulder and upper arm - usually permanent -> muscle wasting of upper arm

59
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy

A

C8-T1 inferior trunk
Loss of function of the lower arm, wrist and fingers

60
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve injury

A

Flexion of the shoulder and elbow and supination of forearm are weakened
Pec and brachioradialis unaffected

Loss of sensation (lateral aspect)

61
Q

Radial nerve injury - In Axilla

A

Loss of function of all muscles innervated by radial nerve. Wrist drop
Loss of sensation

62
Q

Radial nerve injury - in radial groove

A

Weakening of triceps, loss of function of muscles in posterior forearm.

Some innervation of triceps above radial groove

63
Q

Radial nerve injury in forearm - Deep branch (posterior interosseous nerve)

A

Majority of muscles in posterior forearm are affected. Wrist drop doesn’t occur. Some innervation occurs at top of forearm.

64
Q

Radial nerve injury in forearm - Superficial branch

A

Loss of sensation of dorsal three and half of digits

65
Q

Median nerve injury

A

Damage at elbow, pronation of forearm affected, weak flexion of the wrist, opposition of thumb and flexion of first two fingers affected.

Damage at wrist - Thenar muscles and lateral two lumbricals. Opposition of thumb and flexion of first two fingers affected

66
Q

Median nerve injury - carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Caused by nerve being trapped in carpal tunnel
Leads to numbness of areas of hand innervated by median nerve
Get thenar wasting

67
Q

Ulnar nerve injury

A

Damage to medial epicondyle, flexion of wrist can still occur but is accompanied by abduction

Get impairment of muscles of the hand innervated by ulnar nerve. Finger ab/adduction affection with flex/extension of index and ring finger

Loss of sensation from medial aspect of hand and fingers.

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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