The Upper Limb Flashcards
name components of the shoulder complex
scapula, clavicle, acromion, coracoid, humerus
two joints with the clavicle
sternoclavicular joint (medially)
acromioclavicular joint (laterally)
space between greater and lesser tubercle of humerus
intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove
what structures pass in the radial groove of the humerus (posteriorly)
the radial nerve and deep brachial artery
what is the glenoid labrum
a fibrocartilagenous rim around the glenoid cavity
what provides the glenohumeral joint with joint stability?
the rotator cuff muscles
long head of biceps brachii
extracapsular ligaments
name the rotator cuff muscles
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
in what direction do 95% of glenohumeral joint dislocations occur
almost 95% occur anteriorly
what is the most frequently injured tendon of the rotator cuff muscles and why
the supraspinatus muscle tendon as it can be impinged underneath the acromioclavicular joint
name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis
name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm
the triceps brachii
when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery
when it passes the lateral margin of rib 1
when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery
when the axillary artery passes the inferior margin of the teres major muscle
describe the course of the venous drainage of the upper limb
cephalic vein (lateral side) and basilic vein (medial side) communicate via the median cubital vein. both join the brachial vein.
deep veins drain into the brachial veins also
when does the brachial vein become the axillary vein
the cephalic vein pierces the clavico-pectoral fascia it becomes the axillary vein
when does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein
when it passes rib 1
name in order or lateral to medial, the branches of the brachial plexus
MARMU
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
name the part of the elbow/distal humerus that articulates with the radial head
the capitulum
name the part of the elbow/distal humerus that articulates with the ulna
the trochlea
which bone in the elbow joint has a coronoid process that articulates with the coronoid process
the coronoid process of the proximal ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa of the distal humerus
what ligament encircles the radial head
the annular ligament
what is another name for the anterior compartment of the forearm
the flexor compartment
what is another name for the posterior compartment of the forearm
the extensor compartment
where does the brachial artery split?
at the apex of the cubital fossa
what are the two main branches of the brachial arteries
the radial and ulnar arteries
describe the course of the radial artery
originates from the brachial artery at the neck of the radius, down lateral forearm, anatomical snuffbox, postero-lateral hand b/w metacarpals 1 and 2
describe the course of the ulnar artery
goes down the medial forearm, branches include common interosseus artery which has anterior and posterior branches
describe the course of the radial nerve
the radial nerve passes posteriorly in the arm, then anteriorly over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, then lateral to the cubital fossa
describe the course of the median nerve
enters the arm at the axilla, passes immediately lateral to the brachial artery, then crosses medially and lies anterior to the elbow joint
describe the course of the ulnar artery
the ulnar artery passes medially to the brachial artery in the upper arm, mid-arm it enters the posterior compartment, passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa
lateral: brachioradialis
medial: pronator teres
roof: skin, fascia, bicipital aponeurosis
base: imaginary line b/w medial and lateral humeral epicondyles
contents lateral to medial of cubital fossa
the tendon of biceps brachii
brachial artery
median nerve
where in relation to the cubital fossa is the median cubital vein
the median cubital vein lies superficially in the roof of the cubital fossa
what carpal bones does the radius articulate with
scaphoid lunate triquetrum
proximal carpal bones
scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform
distal carpal bones
hamate capitate trapezoid trapezium
what is the purpose of the retinacula
holds tendons to the bone and prevents bowstringing
what is the palmar aponeurosis
a triangular deep fascia that covers the palm
what tendon is the apex of the palmar aponeurosis continuous with?
the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle
what are the contents of the carpal tunnel
4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
tendon of flexor pollicis longus
median nerve
what is Guyon’s canal
a fibro-osseus tunnel b/w pisiform and hook of hamate
what are the contents of Guyon’s canal
ulnar artery, ulnar nerve and vein
borders of the anatomical snuff box
lateral: abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons
medial border: extensor pollicis longus tendon
floor: scaphoid, trapezium, distal tendons ext carpi radialis
contents of the anatomical snuff box
radial artery cephalic vein
describe the arterial supply to the hand
2 interconnected vascular arches, superficial and deep in the palm
radial artery: thumb and lateral index finger
ulnar artery: medial index finger and remaining digits
what nerve innervates the muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm
musculocutaneous nerve
what nerve innervates most of the forearm flexors
the median nerve
what muscles does the radial nerve innervate
the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and the forearm
what does the ulnar nerve innervate
most intrinsic hand muscles
what neurovascular structures can be damaged in a surgical neck fracture of the humerus
the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery
what neurovascular structures can be damaged in humeral shaft fractures
the radial nerve
what neurovascular structures can be damaged in a supracondylar fracture
the radial and ulnar nerves, and the brachial artery
what nerve can be damaged from medial epicondyle trauma
the ulnar nerve
what nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome
the median nerve
what adverse outcomes can occur from a hamate fracture
a hamate fracture can result in non-union of the bone, the ulnar nerve can also be damaged, reducing grip strength of the hand
