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RA6001 > The Mediastinum > Flashcards

The Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the boundaries of the mediastinum

A

superior thoracic aperture
inferior thoracic aperture
sternum
thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

what vertebral level is the transthoracic plane and what does this divide

A

the transthoracic plane is an imaginary line b/w vertebral bodies T4/T5 that divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior sections

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3
Q

what structures pass through the superior mediastinum

A

PVT Left BATTLE
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve
Thoracic ducts
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Brachiocephalic veins
aortic arch and branches (L. CCA, L. subclavian, brachiocephalic trunk)
Trachea
Thymus
Lymph node
Esophagus

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4
Q

how is the inferior mediastinum further divided?

A

into anterior, middle and posterior sections

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5
Q

what are the contents of the anterior mediastinum? what are its boundaries?

A

inferior thymus, fat, lymph nodes
bounded by the parietal pleura, diaphragm and sternal angle

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6
Q

what are the main structures in the middle mediastinum

A

the heart and pericardium

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7
Q

what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum

A

the inferior esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins

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8
Q

what are the branches of the ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries

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9
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

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10
Q

what are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk

A

the right common carotid artery
the right subclavian artery

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11
Q

what contributes to form a brachiocephalic vein?

A

the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein

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12
Q

what joins to form the SVC

A

The left and right brachiocephalic veins

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13
Q

where does the SVC drain?

A

into the right atrium

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14
Q

what two veins form the IVC

A

the left and right common iliac veins

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15
Q

give a brief description of azygos venous system

A

they are a collateral circulation b/w the IVC and SVC, they drain blood from pericardium, the posterior thoracic wall and bronchi.
hemiazygos on the left, azygos on the right, hemi drains into azygos, azygos drains into SVC

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16
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk arise from?

A

the right ventricle

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17
Q

what are the branches of the pulmonary trunk

A

left and right pulmonary arteries, they carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs for CO2 exchange for O2

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18
Q

what do the pulmonary veins carry and where do they drain

A

they carry oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium

19
Q

describe the course of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

this arises from the r. vagus nerve, anterior to the r. subclavian artery, hooks around this artery and ascends b/w trachea and esophagus to supply the larynx

20
Q

describe the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

branch of the l. vagus nerve at inferior border of the aortic arch, passes inferiorly to the arch, ascends b/w trachea and esophagus to supply the larynx

21
Q

what are the spinal roots of the phrenic nerve

A

C3, C4, C5

22
Q

what is the position of the phrenic nerve relative to the vagus nerve

A

the phrenic nerve runs laterally to the vagus nerve

23
Q

what are the two layers to the serous pericardium

A

parietal and visceral

24
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid on the right, mitral or bicuspid on the left

25
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary valves

26
Q

what does the aortic valve separate

A

the Left ventricle and the ascending aortaw

27
Q

what does the pulmonary valve separate

A

the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

28
Q

what is the relationship between the sulcus terminalis and the crista terminalis

A

the sulcus terminalis is on the external surface of the RA
the crista terminalis is on the internal surface of the RA

29
Q

What chamber are the pectinate muscles located in

A

the RA

30
Q

what are the chordae tendineae extensions of

A

they are extensions of the atrioventricular valve

31
Q

what is the attachment of the chordae tendineae

A

to the papillary muscles

32
Q

what are the trabeculae carneae

A

they are irregular muscular ridges in the ventricles

33
Q

what is the significance of the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve?

A

the right cusp gives rise to the right aortic sinus which branches into the Right coronary artery
the left cusp gives rise to the left coronary sinus which branches into the left coronary artery
the posterior cusp is the aortic sinus

34
Q

what are the branches of the right coronary arteries

A

the posterior interventricular artery
the right marginal artery
sinoatrial nodal branch

35
Q

what are the direct branches of the left coronary artery

A

the anterior interventricular artery (LAD)
the left circumflex artery

36
Q

name the branch of the LAD

A

diagonal branches

37
Q

name the branch of the left circumflex artery

A

left marginal

38
Q

what coronary artery does the great cardiac vein run with

A

the left anterior descending artery

39
Q

what coronary artery does the middle cardiac vein run with

A

the posterior interventricular artery

40
Q

what coronary artery does the small cardiac vein run with

A

the right marginal artery

41
Q

where do the cardiac veins drain

A

into the coronary sinus on the posterior heart surface

42
Q

what is meant by diastole

A

blood flows from major veins into the atria, then blood flows PASSIVELY into the ventricles

43
Q

what is meant by atrial systole

A

when the atria contract to completely fill the ventricles

44
Q

what is meant by ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart

RA6001 (8 decks)

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