The third crusade Flashcards
Which Pope called the third crusade?
Gregory VIII
What was the papal bull called of the third crusade?
The Audita Trememdi.
Who did the Audita Trememdi identify as the target of the third crusade?
Saladin and Jerusalem
What was ‘littered’ in the Audita Trememdi?
‘biblical quotes’
What was the response of the Audita Trememdi from Richard I?
-Took the cross without permission from his father Henry II.
What was the response from the Audita Trememdi from Henry and Phillip II of France?
-Decided to take the cross at Gisors.
What was the response from the Audita Trememdi from Frederick Barbarossa HRE?
- Took the cross.
- Encouraged other German princes to follow suit.
What happened when Henry II died?
-Richard became the king.
How did Richard raise money for the third crusade?
- Saladin Tythe.
- Sold lands and titles.
How did Richard and Phillip travel and who came with them?
- By sea.
- Made sure only soldiers attended because of limited spaces.
Where did Richard conquer first and why?
- Masinda on Sicily.
- The governor had failed to pay his sisters dowry
Where did Richard conquer second and why?
- Cyprus.
- The governor would not release his sister and his fiancé, Berengaria of Navarre
How did Richards first two victories help him?
-Increased his resources.
What happened to Barbarossa on his journey?
- Battled through hostile byzantine empire including Anatolia.
- Isaac Comnenus had an agreement with Saladin to hinder the crusaders.
- Drowned in the river Saleph after prophecies he would.
What happened to Barbarossa’s army after he died?
- Most went home.
- Some continued under Leopold of Austria.
What happened when Guy De Lusignan was released from prison?
- Conrad of Monterfact would not allow him into Tyre.
- Guy sieged Acre for 2 years.
- Sybillia his wife and children die. (weakens his claim to Jerusalem).
- Phillip and Richard arrived 5 weeks apart and contributed to acre capture.
Who was the biggest rivalry between?
-Richard +Phillip.
How did Richard repetitively try to outdo Phillip?
- offered more money to his soldiers. (1 bezant)
- Breaking of bethroval to Phillip’s sister Alice and marrying Berengaria instead.
- Claimed Alice was his father Henry II’s mistress.
What did Richard fail to give Phillip?
-half the lands of Cyprus claiming the agreement was only for the holy land.
Where did Phillip go after the capture of Acre and why?
- Left claiming it was illness.
- Count of Flanders died and wanted his land.
- Had enough of Richards shit
Who also left at the same time as Phillip after Acre?
-Leopold of Austria for throwing his banner out- embarrassment for him.
What year was the battle at Arsuf and Jaffa?
1191.
What happened at Arsuf and Jaffa?
- Richard used military ability to march in tight formation to Jaffa.
- Harassed by Saladin at Arsuf.
- Battle fought, Richard ‘rode the wave of momentum’ charge not led by him but 2 knights.
- Won and took Jaffa.
What happened to Saladin’s reputation after the crusader wins at Arsuf and Jaffa?
-Dropped.
What date was the first Jerusalem advancement?
January 1192
What happened on the first “advancement” on Jerusalem?
- Richard chose not to attack because of bad weather.
- vulnerable Jaffa supply lines.
Why did Richard withdraw support from Guy De Lusiagan after first Jerusalem ‘advancement’ and what did he give him as compensation?
- Unpopular with the nobles.
- Cyprus
What happened to Conrad after Jerusalem 1?
- He was assassinated.
- Henry of Charlemagne crowned in his place with Richards blessing.
What happened on the second advancement to Jerusalem?
- Richard found out John II was trying to lead a coup in England.
- Richard got cold feet and Jerusalem did not get attacked again. (he was also deeply depressed)
- Also because defences formidable, water scarce and supplies threatened?
- Saladin poisoned wells- no way to continue.
What date was the second advancement on Jerusalem?
May 1192.
What triggered the truce of Jaffa?
-Richard defeated Saladin at Jaffa when he was trying to retake it.
What year was the truce of Jaffa?
1192.
What were the terms of the truce of Jaffa?
- 3 years.
- Franks given coast from Tyre to Jaffa.
- Free passage for Jerusalem as pilgrims.
- Saladin keep Ascalon.
Why did the third crusade end?
- Truce of Jaffa.
- Saladin and Richard exhausted and needed to deal with internal issues.
Give some examples of Richards excellent leadership?
He allowed knights days of rest
- prevented fights over dead horse meat because hail was killing horses.
- Insisted on formation and not breaking rank.
- Templars and hospitallers at the back and front and mounted knights in the middle. (getting his men out of Acre)
Why arguably was Jerusalem a GIANT failure?
- Saladin was in a weak position after 5 years of war but Richard did not take advantage of this.
- Left time for Saladin to possibly start up again.
What happened at the siege of Acre?
- Saladin’s troops were losing heart
- Thousands of Europeans come to help the crusaders.
- had been besieging the besieger for 2 years.
- The city surrendered without Saladin’s permission
Who was the German contingent of the third crusade?
Duke Leopold of Austria
Was the third crusade a success?
1- Military tactics/ recapture.
2-Richards leadership and divisions.
3- Truce led to nothing.
Who did Phillip and Richard each align themselves with after Acre?
Richard –> Guy
Phillip –> Conrad.
Arguments over who is going to be king.
What was Richard planning to use Jaffa as?
- To use Jaffa as a springboard for an attack on the holy city
- Blocking Saladin’s military and trade link to and from Egypt.
What ‘miracle’ happened at the battle of Arsuf?
- 30,000 men to attack when they emerged from wooded hills, and they were shocked.
- 2 Men broke rank and charged (other card).
Why did the Audita Tremendi persuade so many people to go onto the third crusde?
- Pope Urban dying of heartbreak.
- Quick papal response. (archbishop of Tyre)
- ‘barbarous ferocity thirsting for the blood of Christains’
- Accept challenge from god like Bernard of Clairvaux.
- Repentance and shaming monarchs into going.
