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Alevel History OCR- Crusades- DEUS VOLT! > The First Crusade and the People's crusade > Flashcards

The First Crusade and the People's crusade Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the people’s crusade led by?

A

Peter the Hermit.

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2
Q

Who was the peoples crusade made up of?

A
  • Peasants

- Poorly armed forces.

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3
Q

Who did the peoples crusade murder and why?

A
  • Thousands of wealthy Jewish people.

- The crusaders saw ‘no difference’ between them and the Muslims.

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4
Q

Why did the peoples crusade fail?

A
  • killed in Hungary when raiding food
  • lack of military experience
  • ignored Alexios’ instructions to go to the military camp and went to Nicaea where they were crushed by the Seljuk army.
  • Went before the harvest.
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5
Q

Why was the people’s crusade technically a success?

A
  • Seljuk Turks a false sense of confidence and security.
  • Turks already overconfident from battle of Manzikert in 1071.
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6
Q

Who were the other leaders of the peoples crusade?

A
  • France- Walter Sans-avoir
  • count Emicho of Leiningen
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7
Q

What happened to Walter Sans-Avoir’s part of the peoples crusade?

A
  • Made it to Hungary.
  • When they got to Belgrade (doorstep of BZ empire) governor didn’t let them in as he was confused and they were too early and told them he was going to write a letter to Alexios and that they should wait.
  • They responded by pillaging the countryside. (No food in spring)
  • Some even tried to loot Hungary and a local byzantine garrison.
  • Brought under supervision to Constantinople.
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8
Q

What happened to Count Emicho of Leiningen’s part of the peoples crusade?

A
  • They were going to Holy land but Jews closer, so they murdered thousands of Jewish people, local bishops attempted to protect them.
  • They massacred their way through Germany and were beaten at Hungarian border.
  • When Peter got to border, he had to swear he wouldn’t kill/ be destructive.
  • Battle at the French border.
  • eventually got past bz border.
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9
Q

What was the journey to Constantinople like for first crusade?

A
  • More disciplined than the People’s Crusade.
  • A few incidents but nothing major.
  • Alexios ensured safe passage and food.
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10
Q

What was the oath Alexios made the crusaders swear to? (Oath of Fealty).

A
  • Didn’t trust them especially Bohemond who had fought against him in the past.
  • any lands retaken must be returned to Alexios.
  • Alexios would in return help, food, and guidance to the crusaders
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11
Q

What were the exceptions to the oath?

A
  • Bohemond was told he could keep some land around Antioch.
  • Raymond of Toulouse refused the oath saying he serves only God on this quest but did swear not to damage Alexios or his holdings.
  • Many armies thought Alexios would lead their armies.
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12
Q

What was the crusader army like?

A
  • Well armoured.
  • Heavy Cavalry charge as strongest weapon.
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13
Q

What was the Seljuk army like?

A
  • Used lighter equipment such as bows and arrows to keep enemy away for longer.
  • Horseback.
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14
Q

What are holy relics?

A
  • Supernatural items thought to ‘heal the sick’.
  • hair/ bones from saints, items of intense spiritual value such as a piece of the true cross.
  • people would often display in battle for luck.
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15
Q

What are the main areas for the crusaders?

A
  • Nicaea
  • Dorelayum
  • Anatolia.
  • Edessa.
  • Antioch.
  • Jerusalem.
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16
Q

Good way of remebering the main areas?

A

Neon dinosaurs angrily eat apple juice

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17
Q

What happened at Nicaea?

A
  • Well fortified.
  • reached the city and prepared a siege (Alexios’ equipment)
  • Kilij Aslan was fighting in the east with the Danish.
  • The sultan commanded a retreat.
  • Encircled them and BZ ships blocking harbour.
  • Alexios organised surrender.
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18
Q

Consequences of Nicea?

A

-uplifted army.

19
Q

What date was the battle of Dorelayum?

A

-1st of July 1097

20
Q

What happened at Dorelayum?

A
  • Bohemond ordered his army to stand in a defensive formation whist being stormed by arrows by the Seljuk Turks
  • His army stood for over five hours
21
Q

What happened on the march through Anatolia?

A
  • A long and tough journey
  • scorching heat, dehydration, and low food supplies (many died because of this).- Kilij had burned everything.
  • Alexios told the Tatikos to lead the crusaders and Alexios conquered the lands behind them
22
Q

What happened at Edessa?

A
  • Ruled by Thoros a Byzantine on behalf of Alexios.
  • He invited Baldwin of Boulogne to Edessa to help him against the threat of attack from the Muslim city of Mosul.
  • Thoros adopted him and made him his heir (popular)
  • “Coincidentally” Thoros died, and Baldwin ruled Edessa as an independent state.
23
Q

When did the siege of Antioch start?

A

-October 1097

24
Q

Who was Antioch ruled by and who was it home to?

A
  • Yagi Siyan a Turk

- It was a home to Greeks, Muslims Jews, and Christians.

25
Q

Why was the capture of Antioch essential and why was this a problem?

A
  • It was very large and impossible to surround.

- Needed it to capture Jerusalem.

26
Q

What happened in the first part of the Antioch seiege?

A
  • Very low morale.
  • Takitos left for supplies and never came back.
  • Fresh supplies brought by English ships.
  • Firouz the guard lets them over the wall.
  • Bohemond allowed to keep Antioch if Alexios didn’t claim it.
27
Q

What happened in the second part of the Antioch siege?

A
  • The crusaders get trapped in the city surrounded by Kerboghas army.
  • Peter Bartholomew and his vision of the holy lance which lifted spirits. ‘vision of where it was buried’ ‘pierced christs side’
  • Adhemar called a fast and recognised important spiritual days whilst at Antioch
  • Bohemond organised attacks and they won because of Muslim disunity and internal army divisions. (tales of ghostly knights riding on horses’
28
Q

What happened on the journey to Jerusalem?

A
  • Adhemar died of illness at Antioch no leader.
  • Raymond and Bohemond became bitter rivals.
  • Alexios attempted to delay armies, but they became restless.
  • The fatamids poisoned wells
  • There was no wood to build siege towers.
29
Q

What happened at Jerusalem?

A
  • Godfrey partially dismantled his siege tower and moved it in the middle of the night away from the defences.
  • Completely massacred the population.
  • Genoise boats to build siege towers.
  • Now only 10,000 crusaders left.
30
Q

What fixed the rivalries within the crusader army on the way to Jerusalem?

A

-There were then religious processions where the crusaders publicly made amends.

31
Q

Why were the Muslim leaders disunited on the lead up to the capture of Jerusalem?

A
  • The fatamids had a weak hold on Palestine.
  • Fighting for leadership of Anatolia.
  • Intentionally sabotaging superiors so they did not get any more power. (seen by Firoz opening the gates).
  • Seen in Dorelayum away fighting internal opponents.
32
Q

What did Peter Frankopan say about Alexios and the first crusade?

A

-Alexios’ masterminded the success of the First Crusade.

33
Q

What were Alexios’ most important contributions to the first crusade?

A
  • Naval supply at Nicea.
  • Sailed ships to the harbour at civetot, hauled them out of the water and dragged them to nicea and started assault from the lake.
  • Deal at Nicea (keeping Sultans family safe and Turks)- 2000 troops over the wall,
34
Q

What were Alexios’ failures during the first crusade?

A
  • Stephen of Blois told Alexio’s that the situation at Antioch was hopeless and not to return.
  • The Byzantines were gone by the time the crusaders got to Jerusalem.
35
Q

What were Bohemond’s most important contributions to the first crusade?

A
  • Naval supply at Nicea.
  • Dorelayum.
  • Antioch journey.
  • Dealing with wave 2 of attack at Antioch forcing a retreat.
  • Dealings with Firoz.
  • Keeping some Turks in the citadel.
36
Q

What happened on the way to Antioch with Bohemond?

A
  • 20th October 1097-28th June 1098
  • Bohemond and Robert of Flanders
  • FORAGE IN ALBARA
  • saw a huge Muslim army. (around 20,000 men)
  • Attacked and went back after a certain number of casualties.
37
Q

How did Alexios get around the issue of being unable to break Nicea?

A

-Rolled Byzantine ships on logs into the water.

38
Q

What does Thomas Abridge say about why first crusade succeeded?

A

Muslim disunity.

39
Q

What does John France say about Bohemond?

A

‘the aggressiveness of the crusaders and Bohemond’s leadership were crucial to the success of the crusade’

40
Q

What was against all odds?

A

Slaughter of Muslims in charge out of Antioch.

41
Q

Why was Antioch difficult to get into?

A

Surrounded by formidable walls and mountains. (the citadel).

Leader had help from Damascus and stockpiled.

Only tried to block three sides.

Lack of food and water.

42
Q

Where did the Byzantines send supplies for Antioch?

A

St Syemon.

43
Q

What did Bohemond do to Ridwan relief army before they got into Antioch?

A

Ferociously pushed them back multiple times.

44
Q

Who joined together at Antioch?

A

Kerbogha, Duqauq and Rid wan.

Alevel History OCR- Crusades- DEUS VOLT! (9 decks)

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