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PMP-101 > The special senses > Flashcards

The special senses Flashcards

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1
Q

Sense organs are;

A

Information on your surroundings

processed in the CNS

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2
Q

5 special senses;

A

Senses
Somatosensory system (pressure, warmth, vibration, limb position)
Sight (Visual system)
Hearing (Auditory system)
Taste (Gustatory system)
Smell (Olfactory system)

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3
Q

Eye; Vision is the dominant sense in humans
How are they protected?

A

by orbit and cushion of fat

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4
Q

Accessory Structures

Eyebrows
Eyelids or palpebrae

A

eyelids allow to blink

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5
Q

Eyelashes

A

keeping airborne dirt, dust, lint and other debris from reaching the delicate eye tissues

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6
Q

Conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane

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7
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Lacrimal gland: Responsible for tears (PNS)
mucus, antibodies and lysozyme
nasolacrimal duct —> nasal cavity

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8
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

A

Movement

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9
Q

Eye ball; 3 tissues/tunics

A

1) Fibrous Layer (Outer)
2) Vascular layer
3) Nervous tissue layer (inner most)

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10
Q

1) Fibrous Layer (Outer) - is made out of what 2 things, colour?

A

Sclera: white of the eye
Cornea: front of the eye (transparent)

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11
Q
A

Choroid
Dark: melanin containing cells
Absorbs light

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12
Q

2) Vascular layer (has a LOT of blood vessels in it)

A

Choroid

Dark: melanin containing cells
Absorbs light
Ciliary body
Cilliary muscles
Change thickness of Lens

Iris
Coloured part of eye
Highly vascularised
Pupil size controlled by muscles of the iris
Light passes through pupil

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13
Q

3) Nervous tissue layer (inner most)

A

Retina

Outer Pigmented retina
Prevents light reflection

Inner sensory retina

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14
Q

Why is the Cornea transparent?

A

light needs to pass through it (this is the outer layer of the eyeball)

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15
Q

How many chambers are there in the eye?

A

2 =

Anterior Segment / cavity (FRONT) + Posterior segment/cavity (BACK)

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16
Q

What is the anterior cavity made up of?

A

ANTERIOR CHMABER
chamber between cornea and iris

POSTERIOR CHAMBER
chamber between iris and lens

AQUEOUS HUMOR: Fills Anterior Segment
Watery liquid, replaced continuously
Filtered through ciliary body and returned to blood via venous synus
Nutrients
Refracts light
Maintains pressure

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17
Q

Posterior segment/cavity COMPOSITION?

A

VITREOUS CHAMBER

VITREOUS HUMOR: in posterior segment
Jellylike
Maintains pressure and refracts
Forms in embryo and doesn’t circulate

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18
Q

What is humor?

A

the liquid in the eye

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19
Q

For vision, what happens in the eye?

A
  1. The iris allows light into the eye
  2. Focused by the cornea, lens, and humors onto the retina
  3. The light striking the retina produces action potentials that are relayed to the brain via optic nerve
20
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A

a) Outer thin pigmented layer
b) Inner thicker neural/sensory layer

21
Q

a) Outer thin pigmented layer

A

Melanocytes (prevent light scattering), contains melanin

22
Q

b) Inner thicker neural/sensory layer - neurons

A

Three main type of neurons:
Photoreceptors
Rods
Cones
Bipolor cells
Ganglion cells

23
Q

Macula; length? [region of posterior retina]

A

5.5mm
High-resolution, color vision (lots of rods and cones)
Within this is the fovea (1.5mm)
Where light is most focused when the eye is looking directly at an object
Highest density of cones

24
Q

Optic disc properties; [region of posterior retina]

A

Blood vessels enter the eye
Axons from the retina meet, pass through the layers and exit the eye as the optic nerve
No photoreceptors

25
Q

What happens when light gets to the retina?

A

Light passes through components of anterior cavity and is focused by lens and passes through vitreous humor

Pass between axons, ganglion cells and bipolar cells, to photoreceptors next to pigmented layer

26
Q

Direction of travel of neuronal signal

A

Photoreceptor cells synapse with bipolar cells, which synapse with ganglion cells : ganglion cell axons run on internal surface and converge at posterior of eye to form optic nerve which exits eye

27
Q

2 types of Photoreceptors:

A
  1. Rod cells
  2. Cone cells
28
Q
  1. Rod cells - properties
A

More sensitive to light - vision permitted in dim light but only gray and fuzzy
Only black and white and not sharp
Rhodopsin (opsin & retinal)

29
Q
  1. Cone cells (for detailed vision)
A

High acuity NEED bright light
Colour vision
3 sub-types:
blue, red and green light cones
found in macula lutea,
operate in bright light, colour vision

30
Q

Photo Transduction

A
  1. Retina takes light energy and converts it to electrical energy ( in photoreceptors)
  2. Rods operate in dim light, numerous at periphery of retina, fuzzy images
  3. Rhodopsin (1) = protein opsin loosely bound to pigment called retinal
    Light= retinal changes shape splits into opsin and retinal.
  4. Change in rhodopsin stimulates the rods, resulting in vision
  5. Generates a receptor potential  action potential in the attached
31
Q

Neural Pathways

A
  1. Optic nerve leaves eye enters brain at optic
    chiasm
  2. Some fibres cross to other side of brain
  3. —–> then visual cortex in occipital lobe
32
Q
A
33
Q

Why is back of eye dark?

A

control scatter of light

34
Q

Auditory system

A

Hearing

35
Q

Parts of THE EAR
3 parts;

A

Outer (external) ear
Pinna
External auditory canal

Middle ear (ossicles) for hearing)
Tympanic membrane
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

Inner ear (labyrinth)
Mechanoreceptor for hearing and balance
Vestibular apparatus
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
Organ of Corti

36
Q

MIDDLE EAR

A

Air filled

Oval and round window connect to inner ear

TM causes ossicles in air filled middle ear to move:
Malleus (hammer) (attached to TM)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup) (touches oval window)
Ossicles form a lever system
Amplifies and transmits the vibratory motion of the TM to fluids of inner ear cochlea via oval window

Auditory canal open to pharynx

37
Q

Inner ear - Labyrinth (consists of lot of different cannals)

A

3 bony chambers

Cochlea - hearing

Vestibule - equilibrium

Semicircular canals – equilibrium

Filled with liquid called perilymph and endolymph fluids

Meconoreceptor cells

38
Q

Cochlea - full of liquid

A

Shaped like snail shell

2 canals
extends from the oval window to the apex of the cochlea.
from the apex back to the round window
Lined on bottom channel by Basilar membrane

Middle: cochlear canal - contains Organ of Corti
Specialised sensory hair cells : stereocilia
Seated on basilar membrane
Reach to tectorial membrane
Base of Hair cells attached to neuron

Basilar membrane moves/vibrates when sound waves in periplymph move over it

39
Q

Cochlea and organ of corti

A

Receptor organ for hearing

40
Q

Cochlea

A

Organ of Corti contains hair cells – move due to pressure waves
Hair cells sit on BM between BM and TM
embedded in TM

41
Q

BM

A

Basilar membrane

42
Q

TM

A

Tectorial Membrane

43
Q

Summary of Sound transmission through the ear;

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. Auditory aussicles vibrate. Amplification
  3. Stapes connected to oval window, sends vibrations into cochlea
  4. Pressure wave pushes on basilar membrane of cochlea duct. Energy waves dissipate at round window
  5. Hair cells bend, transmission of signal
  6. Neurotransmitter release activates sensory neurones, action potentials to brain.
44
Q

Auditory pathway

A

-Vestibulocochlear nerve:
Cochlear nerve - portion involved in hearing
Vestibular nerve is involved in balance.

-The cochlear nerve sends axons to the regions including

-Auditory cortex in temporal lobe

45
Q

EQUILIBRIUM; Vestibular apparatus

A

static equibilbrium (movement and position)

2 Chambers: Saccule and utricle

Maculae

Hair cells, tips embedded in gelatinous mass weighed down by otoliths (protein and calcium carbonate)

Otoliths moves in relation to gravity bending hairs
Upright : don’t move
Hairs bend when tilted

Depolarises receptor cells - action potentials in associated neurons travel to brain about head position

46
Q

Equilibrium 2

A

Semi circular canals
Dynamic equilibrium:
Rotational acceleration in 3 planes

3 canals : right angles

Base: ampula
Hair cells embedded in jelly cupula
Floats in endolymph

Movement:
Endolymph tends to move in opposite direction
Cupula and steroclia on hair cells bend
Leads to action potential

Vestibulocochlear nerve to cerebellum

PMP-101 (53 decks)

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