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PMP-101 > Automatic nervous system > Flashcards

Automatic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system divided:

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

Order of nervous system (responding)

A

CNS > Motor division (efferent) > Somatic nervous system / Automatic nervous system > Sympathetic division / Parasympathetic division

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3
Q

Order of nervous system (Sensing)

A

Sensor division (afferent) > CNS

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4
Q

Automatic internal environment

A
  • Mostly internal environment
    -mostly involuntary
    -controls visceral functions
    > circulation
    > digestion
    > excretion
    -Modulates endocrine function
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5
Q

ANS input (afferent)

A

Sensory neurones from peripheral organs to centres in hypothalamus, medulla

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6
Q

ANS output (efferent)

A

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic neurones
- organs innervated by both (often)
- generally opposing actions

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7
Q

afferent and efferent

A

May be Linked by reflex arcs

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8
Q

Visceral sensory neurones properties

A
  • Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch in the visceral organs
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9
Q

Symptoms

A

Brain interprets as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, well-being

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10
Q

Visceral Sensory neurones location

A

> Receptors widely scattered – localisation poor (i.e. not easy to identify where pain originates)

> Visceral sensory fibres run together with autonomic (output) nerves

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11
Q

Outputs: What do ANS nerves control?

A

Mainly smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands

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12
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Iris
  • Digestive system
  • Bladder
  • Vascular system
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13
Q

Secretory glands

A
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Salivary glands
  • Sweat
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14
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Control heart rate
  • Control contractile force
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15
Q

Communications:

A

Visceral sensory and autonomic neurones participate in visceral reflex arcs

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16
Q

What type of reflex?

A

Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation and micturition reflexes (long reflexes)

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17
Q

Any exemptions?

A

Some only involve peripheral neurones: spinal cord not involved (short reflexes)

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18
Q

Central Nervous system control of the Autonomic NS

A

Automatic control when processed in some regions

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19
Q

In what circumstances can voluntary control come into action?

A
  1. Control of breathing
  2. Heart rate

Some people can regulate some autonomic activities

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20
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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21
Q

“All or nothing”?

A

No, always working together - reletionship

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22
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • ‘Fight or flight’
  • Short term survival
  • Generally increases energy availability/ capacity and usage e.g.
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23
Q

What are the results or sympathetic ANS?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase lung capacity
Increase blood flow to some skeletal muscles
Increase blood glucose

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24
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • ‘Rest and digest’
  • Long term survival
  • Generally reduces energy availability/ capacity and usage
25
Q

What are the results or parasympathetic ANS?

A

Decrease heart rate
Decrease lung capacity
Increase blood flow to digestive system
Increase fat/glycogen stores

26
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: controlled by…

A
  • Branches of both parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
  • Stimulation of the parasympathetic NS has broadly opposite effect to stimulation of the sympathetic in that organ (and vice versa)
27
Q

Anatomical Differences and similarities in PNS and SNS

A
  • where the nerves leave the NS
28
Q

Where does parasympathetic (craniosacral) leave the brain?

A
  • Just above the cervical
  • vagus nerve
29
Q

Where foes sympathetic (thoracolumba) leave?

A

In the thoracic and Lumbar area

30
Q

Differences

A
  • Where nerves originate ( leave CNS)
  • Where the ganglia (cell bodies) are, ie where 2 neurons synapse
  • Differences in neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes
31
Q
A
  • 1st neurones - release acetylcholine to adrenal gland - releases adrenalin which rushes through system (to blood)
  • 2nd releases Norepinephrine
32
Q

Adrenal gland is an exception

A
  • Adrenal gland located: On top of kidneys
  • Adrenal medulla (inside part) is a major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
  • Synapse/ganglia in gland
  • Can cause body-wide release of epinephrine / adrenaline and norepinephrine/ noradrenaline in an extreme emergency
    (adrenaline “rush” or surge)
33
Q

What are receptors?

A

> Protein structures that receive and transduce signals
Include ligand gated ion channel-linked (ionotropic) receptors
G protein-linked (metabotropic) receptors

34
Q

Inotropic Receptors

A
  • Binding site and channel combined
  • No second messenger
  • Rapid response
35
Q

Metabotropic Receptors / GPCR

A
  • Binding site not combined with a channel
  • 2nd messenger/GPCR
  • Slower response
36
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Rest & Digest
Long term survival

37
Q

PS: Parasympathetic sysytem : Generally reduces energy availability/ capacity and usage e.g.

A

Decrease heart rate
Decrease lung capacity
Increase blood flow to digestive system
Increase fat/glycogen stores

38
Q

Preganglionic nerves

A

cholinergic

39
Q

Postganglionic nerves

A

cholinergic

40
Q

Effector Neurotransmitter

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

41
Q

Acetylcholine Receptors

A
  1. Nicotinic
  2. Muscarinic
42
Q
  1. Nicotinic
A

5 subunits
2 Ach binding sites
(Skeletal muscle), autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla
Ionotropic / ligand gated

43
Q
  1. Muscarinic
A

7-TM GPCR
3 subtypes
M1 - brain, parietal cells (excitatory)
M2 – heart (inhibitory)
M3 - smooth muscle, glands, (excitatory)

44
Q

Post-synaptic receptors (targets)

A
  • Nicotinic ACH R
  • Muscarinic ACH R
45
Q

SS: ‘fight or flight’

A

Short term survival

46
Q

Generally increases energy availability/ capacity and usage e.g.

A

Increase heart rate
Increase lung capacity (bronchodilation)
Increase blood flow (vasodilation) to some skeletal muscles
Increase blood glucose
GI tract / bladder relax
Increase adrenaline secretion from adrenal medulla

47
Q

Preganglionic nerves

A

cholinergic

48
Q

Postganglionic nerves

A

adrenergic

49
Q

Effector Neurotransmitter

A

NORADRENALINE (NOREPINEPHRINE)

50
Q

Post-synaptic receptors (targets

A
  • Noradrenergic R
  • Muscarinic ACH R
  • Nicotinic ACH R
51
Q

Adrenoceptors

A
  • G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic)
    2 types: alpha and beta
  • Respond to adrenaline, noradenaline
  • Noradrenaline/Adrenaline: Diverse actions depending on target
  • Depending on the downstream molecules that they activate
  • Post and Pre synaptically
52
Q

Diverse actions of adrenoceptors

A

Sympathetic nervous systemstimulates bronchodilation (muscle relaxation) – mostly beta adrenoreceptors

LOOK AT BLUE CHART (page 24 auto NS)

53
Q

Recap: Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

A

(1) the important receptors on the post ganglionic neuron and the effector cell and

(2) the types of neurotransmitters used by the 2 neurones in each of the different parts of the autonomic nervous system

54
Q

Summary of Autonomic NS

A

Organs have inputs from both PNS and SNS

55
Q

Individual cells generally have inputs from both PNS and SNS

A

e.g. bronchial smooth muscle: Cells express receptors for both noradrenaline (beta 2 - dilation) and acetylcholine (M3 - constriction)

56
Q

Autonomic: Smooth Muscle Neuro muscular junction.
CONTROLS?

A
  • Vascular smooth muscle
  • Bronchial smooth muscle
  • Intestinal peristalsis
57
Q

Which neuron of the ANS makes contact w smooth muscle?

A
  • Where the 2nd neuron of the autonomic NS makes contact with smooth muscle
  • Axons end with a series of swollen areas called varicosity contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.
58
Q

Recap:

A

Autonomic NS Comparison Summary

59
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Pupil constriction
Decreased heart rate
Bronchoconstriction
Increased salivation
Increased digestion
Increased urination
Increased defecation
Stimulation of insulin secretion
Usually dominant

PMP-101 (53 decks)

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