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PMP-101 > Cardiovascular system III - blood vessel & heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system III - blood vessel & heart Flashcards

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1
Q

List three types of cardiovascular system:

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

Coronary

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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4
Q

Can arteries handle pressure?

A

Yes, high pressure 90mmHg

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5
Q

Arteries structure:

A

1) Tunica Interna (intima)
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica externa/adventia

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6
Q

1) Tunica Interna (intima) [A]

A

Flat layer, smooth Squamous endothelium-
Smooth flow of Blood

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7
Q

2) Tunica Media [A]

A

Thick layer, smooth muscle, contraction, elastic fibers

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8
Q

3) Tunica externa/adventia [A]

A

Thick layer, Elastic tissues- stretch in & out- handle the pressure (more in larger arteries)

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9
Q

Which one HAS valves?

A

Veins - directed flow

Arteries - pressure regulated so doesn’t require valves

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10
Q

Blood in arteries

A

Deoxygenated; 95% Sat.O2
Bright Red

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11
Q

Veins strutcure:

A

1) Intima
2) Externa

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12
Q

1) Intima

A

Endothelial layer

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13
Q

2) Externa

A

Smooth Muscle and elastic fibres

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14
Q

What is the middle of the arteries and veins called?

A

Lumen

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15
Q

Blood in veins:

A

75-80% Sat.O2
Dark Red

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16
Q

Pressure in veins:

A

Handle low pressure
~8-10 mmHg

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17
Q

Three types of Capillaries?

A

1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated
3) Sinusoids

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18
Q

1) Continuous

A

Smooth & skeletal muscle BBB- Very tight junction (restrict toxin exchanges)

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19
Q

2) Fenestrated

A

Intestinal villi, kidney glomeruli & endocrine cells
Higher permeability of larger biomolecules

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20
Q

3) Sinusoids

A

Red Bone Marrow & Liver
Huge molecules perfusion
Blood cells, proteins and wastes

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21
Q

Internal vascular structure:

A

Squamous (flat) endothelial cells is the first layer - close together

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22
Q

1) Continuous

If endothelial cells are close together it means there is less ______ between junctions:

A

gaps

[Restricted access]

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23
Q

There will only be gaps between junctions, this is called:

A

Intercellular cleft

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24
Q

2) Fenestrated - pores in cells

A

ONLY small molecules can pass - not big molecules like red blood cells

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25
Q

3) Sinusoids - Endothelial cells are loosely packed

A

Red blood cells and metabolic toxins CAN pass

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26
Q

Liver process’ bigger molecules; wrea

Which type of capillaries help this process?

A

Sinusoids

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27
Q

Capillary Architecture -

A

can vary depending on type

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28
Q

Diameter or capillary:

A

200-400um (micrometer)
Capillary walls are lined with endothelial cells
(5-10 um in diameter) for smooth flow

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29
Q

Bundles of smooth muscles spread-out pre-capillaries - used for….

A

Used as a sponge - regulated by absorbing or releasing blood

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30
Q

Terms used for mechanism of Bundles?

A

Vasoconstriction
Dilation

31
Q

Sphincters (precapillary)

A

Vasotone-dilation - More blood into capillary (metabolic demand - Exercise)

32
Q

What is the point of blood going through capillary

A

Exchange of molecules - e.g. losing O2

[if cells outside need O2]

33
Q

Arteriole/Venule roles:

A

These are the smaller branches of arterie/vessel where blood come in out of capillary

34
Q

Types of complex regulation:

A

a) Metabolic demand
b) Hormonal
c) Temperature and many others

35
Q

Heart size:

A

14 cm long; 9 cm wide (fist of your hand)

36
Q

Heart weight:

A

300 - 500 grams

37
Q

Heart / Heartbeats:

A

70-100/min= 115000/day = ~3.5 billion in lifetime

38
Q

Volume of blood pumped in a day:

A

9 L / 9000 mL

39
Q

The heart structure: 1 Pericardium

A

Fibrous layer- provide elasticity and protects

40
Q

The heart structure: 2 Pericardial cavity

A

filled with fluid shock adsorber

41
Q

The heart structure: 3 Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle - contract and relax

42
Q

What is the inner layer of the heart called?

A

4 Endocardium

43
Q

Where do the veins come from?

A

Lungs

44
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4

45
Q

Blood from pulmonary veins to»>

A

Left atrium

46
Q

Once heart in cotracted»

A

Pumped out of left ventricle and out of aorta

47
Q

What happens in the right ventricle?

A

pumping blood from your heart to your lungs, where the blood is replenished with oxygen

48
Q

Vena cava

A

Superior - drains blood from head, neck
Inferior -

49
Q

What is the role of the left ventricle?

A

The left ventricle is responsible for then pumping the oxygenated blood around your body

50
Q

Once blood is in left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped up to aorta through the…

A

aortic/Semi-lunar valve

51
Q

Why is the left side of the heart got a thicker muscle tan the right?

A

The left side needs to pump oxygenated blood around the WHOLE body so needs to regulate a lot of PRESSURE

the right needs to pump blood to lungs which is inferior (under - close) to the heart. Doesn’t require a lot of pressure

52
Q

1) Atrial kick

A

a) sideward kick
b) upward kick

53
Q

2) Cardiac twist

A

the twist makes sure maximum amount of blood is pumped out of the blood

54
Q

LUBbDUBb… - heartbeat

A

it takes around 1-2s for heart to refill with blood
[Delay]

55
Q

Blood circulation

A
56
Q

Blood flow in artery (pulsatile):

A

Cardiac output
Pressure (high to low)
Gravitational pull
Length & Diameter of artery
Blood viscosity

57
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

The venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver (where raw nutrients in blood are processed before the blood returns to the heart)

58
Q

Venous return - flow of the blood back to the heart’s right atrium

A

1) Calf/skeletal muscle pump
(coordinated contraction of muscle)

2) Pulsatile arteries adjacent to vein complement the muscle pump/pressure and venous return

3) Respiratory (Thoracic) pump

59
Q

Superficial veins;

A

are close to the surface of the skin - responsible for carrying blood in periods of intense strength training

Contraction of skeletal muscle and pressure

60
Q

3) Respiratory (Thoracic) pump - Intrpleural pressure

A
  • Breath in: inspiration
  • Breath out: expiration
61
Q

Breath In (inspiration)

A

Diaphragm compress abdomen cavity-Increase Pressure -push blood from abdomen cavity to thorax

Reduced pressure in the thorax sucks the blood from the abdominal cavity into the thorax

62
Q

Breath out (expiration)

A

Increased pressure in the thorax push the blood back in the heart

Reduced pressure in the abdomen suck the blood from the lower part of the body

63
Q

Pulmonary embolism is

A

a blocked blood vessel in your lungs

64
Q

Varicose vein (chronic vein valve failure)

A

Swollen and enlarged veins – usually blue or dark purple – that usually occur on the legs

Appearence; lumpy, bumpy and twisted

65
Q

Coronary circulation:

A

Two tiny arteries leaving out the aorta
Profuse blood to myocardium

Handles high pressure (irrespective of heart contraction or relaxation)

66
Q

Blockage leads to the major cardiac problem -

A

Heart attack

67
Q

Coronary thrombosis -

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

68
Q

Capillary Perfusion: Microcirculation

A

Arterioles carry high hydrostatic pressure = 30mmHg / Low onconic

Venules carry low hydrostatic pressure = 10mmHg / High onconic

69
Q

What moves out of the lumen?

A

O2, CO2 and other gases movement
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Metabolic waste
Hormones, Cytokines

70
Q

Why is the water potential increases within the lumen?

A

The protein is left in the lumen because t is too large to be defused out.

Water then moves IN

71
Q

Pressure that is created by a protein is called…

A

onconic pressure - osmotic pressure (because water tends to move = down gradient)

72
Q

Autoregulation of perfusion:

A
  • High O2/ Low O2
73
Q

if O2 was Low;

A

High levels of:
CO2 , potassium (K+) or
hydrogen (H+) ions (acidic pH)
Lactic acid
(by-products of cell metabolism)
Histamine (Inflammation)
Body temp

Stimulate endothelial cells to release NO
> Vasodilation of precapillary

74
Q

if O2 was high;

A

Low levels of:
CO2 , potassium (K+) or hydrogen (H+) ions (acidic pH)
Lactic acid
(by-products of cell metabolism)
Histamine (Inflammation)
Body temp

Stimulate endothelial cells to release endothelin (peptides) + Platelets secretions & prostaglandins

> > > Vasoconstriction of precapillary Sphincters

PMP-101 (53 decks)

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