Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the skeletal systems;

A
  • support
  • protection
  • assistance in movement (muscles, power, tendons connect)
  • mineral storage and release (blood/boje Calsium and Phosphorous levels maintained)
  • blood cell production (red marrow present in certain use haematopoesis to produce RBCs, white cells, platelets)
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2
Q

Axial

A

Axial = along the axis
~80 Bones

Essentially houses the vital parts of the body

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3
Q

Appendicular

A

Appendicular = appendage
~126 Bones

  • locomotion

Cartilage – protects joints,
Tendons – connects muscles to bone
Ligaments – connects bones to bones

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4
Q

The skeletal system

A

Bones

Associated connective tissues; include cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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5
Q

List the types of bones;

A

Sesamoid ( lie within tendons)
Short bones
Flat bones
Long bones
Irregular bones

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6
Q

Functions of Bones

A

support and articulation

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7
Q

Structure of different bones

A

Vary in proportions of:
Compact bone
dense and solid in appearance
Protection and strength
Repeating circular units
osteons

Cancellous (spongy) bone
characterized by open space partially filled with needle-like structures = trabeculae
Strength without weight

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8
Q

Short, flat, and irregular bones&raquo_space;

A

Inner portion = is cancellous /spongy bone

Outer portion = covered on the outside with compact bone

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9
Q

Anatomy of a long bone

A

Diaphysis
Hollow
outside compact bone
Inner - spongy
Support without weight

Epiphyses (plural)
Both ends
Cancellous / spongy

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10
Q

Composition of bone matrix

A

Inorganic salts; Hydroxyapatite :
chemical crystals of Calcium and Phosphate
Compression strength

Organic matrix; Composite of collagen (rope-like) fibres and proteoglycans
Flexible strength

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11
Q

How many cells in a matrix of bones?

A

relatively small number

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12
Q

What is the bone marrow?

A

Specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue; called myeloid tissue

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13
Q

Bone marrow - haematopoiesis

A

Site for the production of blood cells

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14
Q

Medullary cavities of Long bone and in spaces of spongy bone= name two types of bone marrow

A

1) Red marrow

2) Yellow marrow

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15
Q

1) Red marrow

A

Found in virtually all bones in an infant’s or child’s body

Produce red blood cells

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16
Q

2) Yellow marrow

A

As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow

Marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production

17
Q

3 major Major bone cells:

A
  1. Progenitor cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
18
Q
  1. Progenitor cells
A

differentiate into a specific cell type

19
Q
  1. Osteoblasts (giant cells)
A

Bone-forming cells found in all bone surfaces

Ossifiction/osteogenesis

Secretes organic component – collagen

Produce vesicles: release Ca2+ and phosphate ions which contribute to hydroxyapatite formation

Osteoid

20
Q
  1. Osteocytes
A

Differentiated mature non-dividing osteoblasts

Trapped in lacuna and serve mainly as
mechanosensors/ mineral homeostasis

21
Q
  1. Osteocytes - functions and roles
A

Resorb bone through dissolving mineral and breaking down collagen
The “macrophages” of bone
(develop from blood cells called monocytes and macrophages)

22
Q

Explain the process of bone remodelling

A

Removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

23
Q

What are the results of bone remodelling?

A

growth
changes in bone shape
the adjustment of bone to stress
bone repair
calcium ion regulation in the body fluids

24
Q

How is calcium levels maintained?
[ Skeletal system is a storehouse for 98% of body calcium ]

A

Calcium moves into and out of blood
Bone formation: osteoblasts remove calcium from blood
Bone breakdown: osteoclasts release calcium into blood

25
Calcium homeostasis : hormonal control What happens to vit D, Calciyomnin, parathyroid hormone LEVELS?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (increase blood levels) Vitamin D (increase blood levels) Calcitonin ( decrease blood levels)
26
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Primary regulator Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone matrix Increases kidney absorption of calcium from urine = Increases blood calcium levels
27
Vitamin D
Increases calcium absorption from the small intestine = Increases blood calcium levels
28
Calcitonin
Hormone produced in the thyroid gland Stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclast activity decreases blood calcium levels
29
What is the affect of aging skeletol?
Decreased collagen makes bones more brittle Cancellous bone lost first Decrease in no of trabeculae Followed by compact (lesser) Incomplete remodelling
30
Why is the decrease in bone growth slightly more in female?
Due to menopause Loss of the protective effect of oestrogen (males - reduction in bone mass with age)