Cardiovascular system I

Question 1

cardiovascular system, overview =

Answer 1

Circulating gas, Nutrients and Wastes

Question 2

3 main things that relate to CVS

Answer 2

BLOOD
VESSELS
HEART

Question 3

Blood- Function (Life-sustaining transport carrier of CVS)

Answer 3

1) Transportation
2) Protection
3) Regulation

Question 4

1) Transportation

Answer 4

O2, CO2 and other gases movement
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Metabolic waste
Hormones, Cytokines

Question 5

2) Protection

Answer 5

Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)

Question 6

3) Regulation

Answer 6

Body temp
pH
Circulatory body fluid volume/concentration (osmosis)

Question 6

Blood characteristics

Answer 6

A liquid connective Tissue (only fluid tissue in the Human Body)
A sticky viscous opaque fluid
Scarlet Red: High Oxygen (in Artery)
Dark Red: Low Oxygen (in vein)
Blood volume: 1.2 to 1.5 Gallons: 8-10% of body weight

Question 7

How much L of blood for male?

Answer 7

5-6L

Question 8

How much L off blood for female?

Answer 8

4.5L

Question 9

Blood in three layers;

Answer 9

55% plasma (liquid matrix)

% Buffy coat (Leucocyte, Platelets)

44% solids (RBC - Erythrocytes)

Question 10

Blood cells formation: Haematopoiesis

Answer 10

Red bone marrow; Axial skeleton, Girdles, Epiphyses of humerus and femur

Question 11

Haematopoietic stem cells/ Haemocytoblast

Answer 11

Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets

Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells

Produced cells enter through
blood sinusoids

Question 12

Blood- Cells

Answer 12

1% - (white blood cells - WBC), Leucpcytes & Platelets)

1) Granulocytes
2) Arganulocytes

Question 13

Granulocytes

Answer 13

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

Question 14

Neutrophils

Answer 14

Major Abundant/
Common type
Larger cells
3-4 segments/
lobes of nucleus
Smaller granules
Bacterial Infection

Question 15

Eosinophils

Answer 15

Larger granules
2 lobes of nucleus
with thick strand of chromatin

Parasitic Infection

Question 16

Basophils

Answer 16

Huge granules
Horseshoe shaper nucleus
2 big lobes joined together
Migrate into the tissue, Mast cells

Histamine- Pro-inflammatory

Question 17

Arganulocytes

Answer 17

• Monocytes
• Thrombocytes
• Lymphocytes

Question 18

Monocytes

Answer 18

Horse shoe lobed nucleus
Migrate into tissue, Macrophages
Phagocytosis- Bacteria
Dendritic cells

Question 19

Thrombocytes

Answer 19

Fragments/
Platelets
Contains no nucleus
Contains mitochondria

Blood Clotting

Question 20

Lymphocytes

Answer 20

Big (equal to RBC)
Natural Killer Cells
Recognise virus infected cells & kill

Small
(nucleus occupies most)

Small
(nucleus occupies most)&raquo_space;>

T-Helper
T-Suppressor

T-Cytotoxic
(Cancer cells)

Question 21

Normal range of white blood cells:

Answer 21

4.0 - 11.0 x 10^9/L

Question 22

Granulocytes
composition

Answer 22

Neutrophils: 1.5 - 8.0 x 109/L.
Eosinophils: 0.0 - 0.5 x 109/L.
Basophils: 0.0 - 0.2 x 10*9/L.

(Obvious granules [ light microscope]

Question 23

Agranulocytes
Composition

Answer 23

Lymphocytes 1.0 - 4.0 x 109/L.
Monocytes 0.2 - 1.0 x 109/L.
Platelets: 150-450 x 10*9/L

(NO obvious granules [light microscope]

Question 24

WBC - what could go wrong?

Answer 24

Normal WBC count

High WBC count - Philia: Surplus/Excess
Cytosis: Increase

Low WBC count - Penia: Deficiency/not enough

Question 25

WBC: What could go wrong? (Differential white cell count)
NORMAL &raquo_space;» LOW WBC count

Answer 25

Penia: Deficiency/not enough

Leucopenia (low white blood cell count)
Risk of infection
Sepsis and Lethal
Neutropenia (low neutrophils)

Risk of bacterial infections

Thrombocytopenia? (low platelets)
-the risk of blood loss
-an autoimmune condition in children

Question 26

WBC: What could go wrong? (Differential white cell count)
NORMAL&raquo_space;> HIGH WBC count

Answer 26

Leucocytosis : Sign of Infection

Neutrophilia?
(Neutrophil Leucocytosis)

Sign of bacterial Infection

Eosinophilia?
Sign of parasitic Infection

Lymphocytosis?
Sign of viral Infection

Monocytosis?
Sign of bacterial Infection in tissues, TB

Question 27

Blood- Cells- ~44% Red Blood Cells- RBC- Erythrocytes

Answer 27

Biconcave- no nucleus and organelles
(Large surface area for exchange)
(Anaerobic ATP synthesis, don’t use O2)

Question 28

Red blood cells what percentage is made up of haemoglobin?

Answer 28

97% of RBC is Haemoglobin – Gas Transport: Oxygen (Reversible binding)

Question 29

How many cells per in male/female per microlitre/mcL?

Answer 29

men– 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL)
women– 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL

Question 30

What is Spectrin?

Answer 30

a plasma membrane protein- (Flexibility of shape- to get through smaller capillaries)

Question 31

Blood- RBC- Haemoglobins

Answer 31

Haem is most of the RBC

Question 32

What does haem contain?

Answer 32

Central Iron
Each Fe2+ ion binds to one O2

Question 33

Haem=

Answer 33

Red pigment bound to Protein, Globin

Question 34

What polypeptides are Haemoglobin made out of?

Answer 34

Four polypeptides
-2 Alpha & 2 Beta

Question 35

Haemoglobins- Contd

Answer 35

• loading O2 + Hb
• unloading O2 + Hb
• loading CO2 + Hb

Question 36

O2 (loading) + Hb =

Answer 36

Bright Red (Oxygenated Blood):
Oxyhaemoglobin

98-100% saturated O2

Question 37

O2 (unloading) + Hb =

Answer 37

Dark/Ruby Red (Deoxygenated Blood): Deoxyhaemoglobin

75-80% saturated O2

Question 38

CO2 (loading) + Hb =

Answer 38

~20% of CO2 bound Hb
Carbaminohaemoglobin