Cardiovascular system I Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system, overview =

A

Circulating gas, Nutrients and Wastes

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2
Q

3 main things that relate to CVS

A

BLOOD
VESSELS
HEART

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3
Q

Blood- Function (Life-sustaining transport carrier of CVS)

A

1) Transportation
2) Protection
3) Regulation

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4
Q

1) Transportation

A

O2, CO2 and other gases movement
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Metabolic waste
Hormones, Cytokines

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5
Q

2) Protection

A

Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)

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6
Q

3) Regulation

A

Body temp
pH
Circulatory body fluid volume/concentration (osmosis)

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6
Q

Blood characteristics

A

A liquid connective Tissue (only fluid tissue in the Human Body)
A sticky viscous opaque fluid
Scarlet Red: High Oxygen (in Artery)
Dark Red: Low Oxygen (in vein)
Blood volume: 1.2 to 1.5 Gallons: 8-10% of body weight

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7
Q

How much L of blood for male?

A

5-6L

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8
Q

How much L off blood for female?

A

4.5L

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9
Q

Blood in three layers;

A

55% plasma (liquid matrix)

% Buffy coat (Leucocyte, Platelets)

44% solids (RBC - Erythrocytes)

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10
Q

Blood cells formation: Haematopoiesis

A

Red bone marrow; Axial skeleton, Girdles, Epiphyses of humerus and femur

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11
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells/ Haemocytoblast

A

Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets

Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells

Produced cells enter through
blood sinusoids

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12
Q

Blood- Cells

A

1% - (white blood cells - WBC), Leucpcytes & Platelets)

1) Granulocytes
2) Arganulocytes

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13
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

Major Abundant/
Common type
Larger cells
3-4 segments/
lobes of nucleus
Smaller granules
Bacterial Infection

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15
Q

Eosinophils

A

Larger granules
2 lobes of nucleus
with thick strand of chromatin

Parasitic Infection

16
Q

Basophils

A

Huge granules
Horseshoe shaper nucleus
2 big lobes joined together
Migrate into the tissue, Mast cells

Histamine- Pro-inflammatory

17
Q

Arganulocytes

A
  • Monocytes
  • Thrombocytes
  • Lymphocytes
18
Q

Monocytes

A

Horse shoe lobed nucleus
Migrate into tissue, Macrophages
Phagocytosis- Bacteria
Dendritic cells

19
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Fragments/
Platelets
Contains no nucleus
Contains mitochondria

Blood Clotting

20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Big (equal to RBC)
Natural Killer Cells
Recognise virus infected cells & kill

Small
(nucleus occupies most)

Small
(nucleus occupies most)&raquo_space;>

T-Helper
T-Suppressor

T-Cytotoxic
(Cancer cells)

21
Q

Normal range of white blood cells:

A

4.0 - 11.0 x 10^9/L

22
Q

Granulocytes
composition

A

Neutrophils: 1.5 - 8.0 x 109/L.
Eosinophils: 0.0 - 0.5 x 10
9/L.
Basophils: 0.0 - 0.2 x 10*9/L.

(Obvious granules [ light microscope]

23
Q

Agranulocytes
Composition

A

Lymphocytes 1.0 - 4.0 x 109/L.
Monocytes 0.2 - 1.0 x 10
9/L.
Platelets: 150-450 x 10*9/L

(NO obvious granules [light microscope]

24
WBC - what could go wrong?
Normal WBC count High WBC count - Philia: Surplus/Excess Cytosis: Increase Low WBC count - Penia: Deficiency/not enough
25
WBC: What could go wrong? (Differential white cell count) NORMAL >>>> LOW WBC count
Penia: Deficiency/not enough Leucopenia (low white blood cell count) Risk of infection Sepsis and Lethal Neutropenia (low neutrophils) Risk of bacterial infections Thrombocytopenia? (low platelets) -the risk of blood loss -an autoimmune condition in children
26
WBC: What could go wrong? (Differential white cell count) NORMAL >>> HIGH WBC count
Leucocytosis : Sign of Infection Neutrophilia? (Neutrophil Leucocytosis) Sign of bacterial Infection Eosinophilia? Sign of parasitic Infection Lymphocytosis? Sign of viral Infection Monocytosis? Sign of bacterial Infection in tissues, TB
27
Blood- Cells- ~44% Red Blood Cells- RBC- Erythrocytes
Biconcave- no nucleus and organelles (Large surface area for exchange) (Anaerobic ATP synthesis, don’t use O2)
28
Red blood cells what percentage is made up of haemoglobin?
97% of RBC is Haemoglobin – Gas Transport: Oxygen (Reversible binding)
29
How many cells per in male/female per microlitre/mcL?
men – 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL) women – 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL
30
What is Spectrin?
a plasma membrane protein- (Flexibility of shape- to get through smaller capillaries)
31
Blood- RBC- Haemoglobins
Haem is most of the RBC
32
What does haem contain?
Central Iron Each Fe2+ ion binds to one O2
33
Haem=
Red pigment bound to Protein, Globin
34
What polypeptides are Haemoglobin made out of?
Four polypeptides -2 Alpha & 2 Beta
35
Haemoglobins- Contd
- loading O2 + Hb - unloading O2 + Hb - loading CO2 + Hb
36
O2 (loading) + Hb =
Bright Red (Oxygenated Blood): Oxyhaemoglobin 98-100% saturated O2
37
O2 (unloading) + Hb =
Dark/Ruby Red (Deoxygenated Blood): Deoxyhaemoglobin 75-80% saturated O2
38
CO2 (loading) + Hb =
~20% of CO2 bound Hb Carbaminohaemoglobin