The Solid State of Matter (10.5) Flashcards
- Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids. - Describe the main types of crystalline solids: Ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids. - Explain the ways in which crystal defects can occur in a solid.
What is an amorphous structure?
A structure that does not have a regular, repeating pattern of atoms or molecules. Their structure is more random and lack a well-defined shaped.
Examples: Glass, and plastic.
What is a crystalline structure?
Orderly, repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a solid. This regular pattern extends in all three dimensions, forming a crystal lattice.
What are the types of crystalline solids?
Ionic, metallic, covalent network, and molecular.
What substance is typically formed for an ordered crystal structure?
Ionic compounds, metallic solids, and molecular crystals.
What is typically formed for an amorphous structure?
Glass, plastics, and gels.
Properties of ionic solids?
- Composed of negative and positive ions that are held together by electrostatic attractions, which can be quite strong.
- Many ionic crystals have high melting points due to the very strong attractions between ions.
- Ionic attractions is much stronger than partial charges in polar molecular compounds.
- They tend to be brittle and when broken they shatter.
- Does not conduct electricity but when molten or dissolved they are highly conductive because of free floating ions.
Properties of metallic solids?
- Held together by unique force known as metallic bonding.
- Exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity.
- Very malleable and strong. Does not shatter.
- Melting points vary.
Properties of covalent network solids?
- Atoms are connected by a continuous network of covalent bonds, forming large, interconnected structure.
- This solid is very strong because of the covalent bonds.
Examples:
- Diamonds, and quartz.
Properties of molecular solids?
- Made up of individual molecules held together by weaker forces like van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds.
Examples:
- Ice (solid water), molecules of water are held together by hydrogen bonds.
- Dry Ice (solid CO_2), molecules of carbon dioxide are held together by van der Waals forces.
What bond is held together by ion ionic solids? And what type of attractions?
Ionic bonds, attracted by ion particles.
What bond is held together by metallic solids? What type of attractions?
Metallic bonds, and are attracted to electropositive atoms (atoms that are typically cations).
What bond is held together by covalent network solids? What type of attractions?
Covalent bonds, and are attracted to electropositive atoms (atoms that are typically anions).
What bond is held together by molecular solids? What type of attractions?
Held together by molecules (or atoms), Attracted to intermolecular forces (weakest bond out of all other solids).
What is an interstitial site in a defected crystal?
A space or gap within solid crystal where small atoms or ions can fit in between the larger atoms or ions that make up the main structure.
What are vacancies in a defected crystal?
There is no atom in that space in a crystal structure.
