The Social Group Chapter 8 MCQ Flashcards
Entitativity
The feauture of a group that makes it appear a distinct unit that is bound together
Intimacy groups
Groups that are closely tied together (e.g., family groups)
Task groups
groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal
Common bond group
Groups in which the members have close personal bonds within the group
Common identity group
Groups in which the members have close personal ties to the group itself
Collectives and aggregates
people who share some connection, but there is no psychological value to the connection
Group
Two or more people who define themselves as a group (having a sense of us) and who are also recognised by at least one other person
Ingroup
term used to describe groups we belong to
Outgroup
term used to describe groups we do not belong to
Group socialization
the process of groups as a whole and group members coming together to meet each others needs and accomplish goals over time
Socialisation outcomes
these relate to how members of the group feel about how they functioned to reachthe groups purpose. The most prominent outcome is group cohesion
Group cohesion
The extent to which a group holds people to one another (and the group as a whole), which gives the group a sense of unity and commonality
Social norms
Uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organise and differentiate groups from other groups
Ethnomethodology
A method used for understanding hidden social norms by analysing peoples accounts and descriptions of their day-to-day activities
Breaching experiment
a technique used in ethnomethodology that seeks to examine peoples reactions to violations of common social norms
Frames of reference
the range of possible positions/attitudes/behaviours that people could adopt in a given situation. People use these frames of reference to guide their own thoughts and actions
Social roles
Expectations shared by group members about how particular people in the group are supposed to behave
Status
Shared evaluations of the prestige of roles within a group, the members of the group, or the group as a whole
Diffuse status characteristics
Attributes not directly relevent to the group task but positively valued in society
Specific status characteristics
Attributes directly relevant to the group task
System justification theory
Theory that peoples dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to justify these social systems and see them as fair
Social creativity
Strategies that group members engage in to maintain the esteem of the group
Marginal group members (deviants)
People who deviate too far from prototypical group members and group norms
Black sheep effect
Derogation of deviant or marginal ingroup members
Intergroup sensitivity effect
The tendency to prefer criticism to come from within the group than from an outsider
Imposters
People who threaten the group by fraudulently claiming to be members
Schism
A group divides into subgroups that differ usually in terms of their attitudes or values
Subgroups
smaller groups nested within a larger group
Cross-cutting categories
Subgroups that represent categories that have members outside the immediate larger group
Opinion based groups
Groups that are formed around shared opinions
Terror management theory
Theory proposing that human awareness of death creates a conctant source of existential anguish that must be dealt with
Social identity
the aspect of our self/identity that is determined by our group memberships
Social identity theory
The theory of group membership and intergroup relations arguing that personal identities and group membership complete peoples sense of self
Prototype
Fuzzy sets of characteristics that define a group and distinguish it from other groups
Self-categorisation
cognitive process of categorizing oneself as a group member
Subjective uncertainty
Uncertainty about who we are and what we are supposed to do, which is alleviated by identification with groups
Optimal distinctiveness
People like to feel unique as individuals but at the same time they feel the need to affiliate with others. They need to find the optimal balance between these needs
Social ostracism
Being excluded from a group by the consensus of the group
