Communication Chapter 5 MCQ Flashcards
Communication
The transfer of information from one individual to another, or from one group to another
Language
A set of sounds that convey meaning because they are ogranised according to a set of rules
Utterences
Complete units of speech in spoken language
Semantic rules
Rules that determine the meaning of sounds and words
Grammer
Collection of morphological, syntactic and semantic rules that govern the production and comprehension of a language
Grammatical gender
Organisation of nouns along masculine, feminine and neutral dimensions
Pragmatics
The distinction between what a speakers words literally mean and the speakers intended meaning
Speech act theory
Theory proposing that speakers use language to perform specific actions
Locution
Non-ambiguous (literal) meaning of an utterance
Illocution
The speech act that is performed by an utterance
Perlocution
The unintended effects of an utterance
Indirect language
Use of language in which the intended meaning is not stated explicitly yet is commonly understood
Theory of conversational implicature
Grices theory argues that people are able to understand each other and communicate effectively because they follow various ‘rules’ of conversation
Cooperative principle
The principle that people follow a set of rules that enable communication to function effectively
Politeness
Proceess by which communicators frame their conversations in order to save the face of their interlocutors
Face
Peoples concern about their value or standing in the eyes of others
Positive face
A persons wish to be liked
Negative face
A persons wish not to be bothered
Universal norm
The culturally universal tendency to use more formal, polite language with people who are higher in status than ourselves, or higher in social istance from ourselves
Cultural frame switching
Because languages are learned in different cultural settings, different knowledge structures are learned and this influences thought
Masculine generic language
Use of masuline words such as man and mankind to represent people in general
Saying is believing effect
The tendency for a persons memory of individuals, groups or events to be influenced by what they have said about them
Social markers
Features of language use that convey information about a speakers characteristics
Matched guise technique
technique used to measure attitudes about a speaker based on the speakers language use
Received pronunciation (RP)
Standard, high status spoken accent
Speech accommodation theory
Theory asserting that people modify their speech style in converations to suit the context
Speech convergence
Speech-style shift towars that of the listener
Speech divergence
Speech-style shift awar from that of the listener
Communication accommodation theory
Extension of speech accommodation theory, asserting that people modify their speech style and nonverbal behaviours in conversations to suit the context
Common ground
Shared worldview between individuals
Linguistic intergroup bias (LIB)
The tendency for people to describe ingroup positive and outgroup negative behaviours abstracly, but to descrive ingroup negative and outgroup positive behavious conccretely
Linguistic expectancy bias
Interpersonal version of the linguistic intergroup bias, whereby people describe expected behaviours abstractly and unexpected behviours concretely
Nonverbal communication
Everything that communicates a message but does not include words
Social intellect
Set of skills involving the ability to infer peoples emotions, motives, intentions and personality, and the ability to communicate the same information about the self
Co-verbal behaviours
Nonverbal behaviours that accompany speech and convery information to a receiver
Interpersonal distance
The closeness between one person and another
Facial expressions
Voluntary or involuntary changes in the face that convery informationto a recipient in conversation
Display rules
Cultural rules governing the appropriateness of expressing emotions in particular contexts
Gestures
Hand and arm movements that accompany verbal communication
Emblems (quotable gestures)
Gestures that replace or substitutes for verbal communication
Gaze
Looking at another persons eyes
Eye contact (mutual gaze)
when two people are looking at each others eyes at the same time
Nonverbal sensitiivity
Ability to descern other peoples thoughts, feelings and intentions from their nonverbal behaviour
Motivational impairment effect
The ironic tendency for the motivation to hide deceit to make concealing deceit less effective
Conversations
Interactions between individuals encompassing both verbal and nonverbal communication
Back channel communication
Cues that let the speaker know that a person is listening
Conversation analysis (CA)
the study of talk in interactions, which attempts to describe the structure and patterns of conversation
Discourse analysis (DA)
Analysis of an entire communcative event located in a perticular sociohistoric context
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
Communcation via the use of computer networks
