Altruism and Justice Chapter 14 MCQ

Question 1

Positive psychology

Answer 1

A movement within psychology that emphasizes how positive aspects of human nature and experience can be enhanced. It is informed by the philosophy position of uhmanism, which assumes that human nature is ultimately good

Question 2

Altruism

Answer 2

An action that is performed to benefit a person without benefiting the self

Question 3

Helping behaviour

Answer 3

An action that is performed to help another person

Question 4

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 4

An action thatr is positively valued in society

Question 5

Bystander intervention

Answer 5

The act of helping a person in danger or distress by people who are not its cause

Question 6

Diffusion or responsibility

Answer 6

One explanation why bystanders do not intervene is the perception that someone else will

Question 7

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 7

The phenomenon whereby people wrongly assume, based on others actions, that they endorse a particular norm

Question 8

Machiavellianism

Answer 8

Individual differences variable associated with the tendency to manipulate others for personal gain

Question 9

Belief in a just world

Answer 9

The belief that the world is a just place in which people get what they deserve

Question 10

Empathy

Answer 10

The ability of people to take the perspective of others

Question 11

Empathic concern

Answer 11

An emotional reaction to the suffering of others which results from taking their perspective, and which is thought by many researchers to motivate helping and behaviour

Question 12

Moral reasoning

Answer 12

the extent to which people compare their own needs with overarching moral standards

Question 13

Extensivity

Answer 13

A persons sense that they are obligated to help others, both close and distant

Question 14

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 14

Hypothesis that when people feel empathy for others, they will be more likely to help that person at a personal cost to the self

Question 15

Kin selection

Answer 15

Acting differently towards members of the same species depending on their degree of genetic relatedness to the self. Kin selection can deter animals from mating, for example, but can encourage them to act altruistically

Question 16

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 16

Animals act altruistically towards members of the same species that have already helped them. This principal gives animals an incentive to help other animals, because it heightens the prospects that they will be rewarded

Question 17

Social dilemmas

Answer 17

Situations in which the interests of the individual are at odds with the interests of the group

Question 18

Cooperation

Answer 18

Decisions that sacrifice the persons interests for the sake of the group

Question 19

Defection

Answer 19

Decisions that puruse the persons interests at the expense of the group

Question 20

Prisoners dilemma

Answer 20

Simulated social dilemma used in social psychological research. Prisoners have to choose betweeen confessing or not, risking a heavy or light sentence for them and a partner

Question 21

Public goods dilemma

Answer 21

A dilemma in which individuals are better off it they do not contribute but the group as a whole is worse off

Question 22

Commons dilemma

Answer 22

A dilemma in which individual interests are served by using a resource but collective interests suffer because the resource is depleted

Question 23

Social value orientation

Answer 23

The extend to which an individual is pro-self or prosocial which determines the extend to which people will be cooperative

Question 24

Altruistic punishment

Answer 24

The involved incurring a personal cost in order to harm a person who has defected

Question 25

Indirect reciprocity

Answer 25

This involves incurring a personal cost in order to reward a person who has cooperated with other group members

Question 26

Direct reciprocity

Answer 26

The case where a person incurs personal cost to rewrd a person who has cooperated with them personally. Both altrustic punishment and indirect reciprocity encourage people to cooperate rather than defect.

Question 27

Justice

Answer 27

This is said to exist when people treat each other as they are entitled or deserve to be treated

Question 28

Distributive justice

Answer 28

Concern with the justness of the outcomes that people receive

Question 29

Procedural justice

Answer 29

Concern with the fairness of the processes used to distribute justice

Question 30

Equity principle

Answer 30

The principle that the outcomes people receive should be proportional to their merit and contribution

Question 31

Equality principle

Answer 31

The principle that resources should be distributed equally

Question 32

Need principle

Answer 32

The principle that the focus should be on what people need to survive and thrive

Question 33

Immanent justice reasoning

Answer 33

The superstitious attribution of good and bad outcomes to unrelated good and bad deeds

Question 34

Group-value model

Answer 34

Model explaining that people care about the status and respect they receive within their social groups. The fairness of outcomes (distributive justice) and the processes (procedural justice) are an indicator or their status.

Question 35

System justification theory

Answer 35

Theory that peoples dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to justify those social systems and see them as fair

Question 36

Depressed entitlement effect

Answer 36

The tendency for women, when given the chance to determine their own pay in an experimental task, to pay themselves less than men