Altruism and Justice Chapter 14 MCQ Flashcards
Positive psychology
A movement within psychology that emphasizes how positive aspects of human nature and experience can be enhanced. It is informed by the philosophy position of uhmanism, which assumes that human nature is ultimately good
Altruism
An action that is performed to benefit a person without benefiting the self
Helping behaviour
An action that is performed to help another person
Prosocial behaviour
An action thatr is positively valued in society
Bystander intervention
The act of helping a person in danger or distress by people who are not its cause
Diffusion or responsibility
One explanation why bystanders do not intervene is the perception that someone else will
Pluralistic ignorance
The phenomenon whereby people wrongly assume, based on others actions, that they endorse a particular norm
Machiavellianism
Individual differences variable associated with the tendency to manipulate others for personal gain
Belief in a just world
The belief that the world is a just place in which people get what they deserve
Empathy
The ability of people to take the perspective of others
Empathic concern
An emotional reaction to the suffering of others which results from taking their perspective, and which is thought by many researchers to motivate helping and behaviour
Moral reasoning
the extent to which people compare their own needs with overarching moral standards
Extensivity
A persons sense that they are obligated to help others, both close and distant
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
Hypothesis that when people feel empathy for others, they will be more likely to help that person at a personal cost to the self
Kin selection
Acting differently towards members of the same species depending on their degree of genetic relatedness to the self. Kin selection can deter animals from mating, for example, but can encourage them to act altruistically
Reciprocal altruism
Animals act altruistically towards members of the same species that have already helped them. This principal gives animals an incentive to help other animals, because it heightens the prospects that they will be rewarded
Social dilemmas
Situations in which the interests of the individual are at odds with the interests of the group
Cooperation
Decisions that sacrifice the persons interests for the sake of the group
Defection
Decisions that puruse the persons interests at the expense of the group
Prisoners dilemma
Simulated social dilemma used in social psychological research. Prisoners have to choose betweeen confessing or not, risking a heavy or light sentence for them and a partner
Public goods dilemma
A dilemma in which individuals are better off it they do not contribute but the group as a whole is worse off
Commons dilemma
A dilemma in which individual interests are served by using a resource but collective interests suffer because the resource is depleted
Social value orientation
The extend to which an individual is pro-self or prosocial which determines the extend to which people will be cooperative
Altruistic punishment
The involved incurring a personal cost in order to harm a person who has defected
Indirect reciprocity
This involves incurring a personal cost in order to reward a person who has cooperated with other group members
Direct reciprocity
The case where a person incurs personal cost to rewrd a person who has cooperated with them personally. Both altrustic punishment and indirect reciprocity encourage people to cooperate rather than defect.
Justice
This is said to exist when people treat each other as they are entitled or deserve to be treated
Distributive justice
Concern with the justness of the outcomes that people receive
Procedural justice
Concern with the fairness of the processes used to distribute justice
Equity principle
The principle that the outcomes people receive should be proportional to their merit and contribution
Equality principle
The principle that resources should be distributed equally
Need principle
The principle that the focus should be on what people need to survive and thrive
Immanent justice reasoning
The superstitious attribution of good and bad outcomes to unrelated good and bad deeds
Group-value model
Model explaining that people care about the status and respect they receive within their social groups. The fairness of outcomes (distributive justice) and the processes (procedural justice) are an indicator or their status.
System justification theory
Theory that peoples dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to justify those social systems and see them as fair
Depressed entitlement effect
The tendency for women, when given the chance to determine their own pay in an experimental task, to pay themselves less than men
