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Anatomy BLOCK 3 > The Skull > Flashcards

The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Sutures

A

The skull is composed of several separate bones united at these immobile joints

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2
Q

What is the connective tissues between the bones on the skull called?

A

The sutural ligament

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3
Q

What is the exception to sutural ligaments?

A

The mandible

-it is attached tot he skull via the mobile temporomandibular joint

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4
Q

Mandible is attached to the skull via what

A

Mobile temporomandibular joint

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5
Q

How are the bone of the skull divided?

A

Into the bones of the cranium and those of the face

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6
Q

Vault

A

Upper part of the cranium

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7
Q

What is the lowest part of the skull?

A

The base

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8
Q

Diploe

A

Bones of the skull are made up if external and internal tables of compact bone separated by a layer of this

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9
Q

Which table of the skull is thinner and more brittle?

A

The internal

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10
Q

What covers the outer and inner surfaces of the bone?

A

Periosteum

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11
Q

Pterion

A

Junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones; overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery
-thin area, middle meningeal artery under this. If someone gets hit here, fracture and tear artery, causing hemorrhaging, killing person

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12
Q

Lambda

A

Point on calvaria at junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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13
Q

Bregma

A

Point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

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14
Q

Vertex

A

Topmost point

-superior point of neurocranium, in middle with cranium oriented in anatomical plane

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15
Q

Asterion

A 
Star shaped 
located at the junction of three structures 
-parietomastoid 
-occipitomastoid 
-lambdoid
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16
Q

Glabella

A

Anterior projection

  • smooth prominence;
  • most marked in males
  • on frontal bones superior to root of nose
  • most anterior projecting part of forehead
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17
Q

Inion

A

Most prominent point of external occipital protuberance

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18
Q

Nasion

A

Point on cranium where frontonasal and internasal sutures meet

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19
Q

Parietal foramen in skull

A
  • small hole in top of skull

- allows blood vessels from scalp to go interior to structures

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20
Q

Foramen cecum

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- nasal emissary vein (1% of pop)

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21
Q

Cribiform foramina in cribiform plate

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves

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22
Q

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- vessels and nerves with same name

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23
Q

Optic canals

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- optic nerves (CNII) and ophthalmic arteries

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24
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerves (CNV1); CNIII, IV, and VI; and sympathetic fibers

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25
Foramen rotundum
- middle cranial fossa | - maxillary nerve (CNV2)
26
Foramen ovale
- middle cranial fossa | - maxillary nerve (CNV3) and accessory meningeal artery
27
Foramen spinosum
- middle cranial fossa | - middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3
28
Forman lacerum (a)
- middle cranial fossa | - deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins
29
Groove or hiatus of greater petrosal nerve
- middle cranial fossa | - greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
30
Foramen magnum
- posterior cranial fossa | - medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
31
Jugular foramen
- posterior cranial fossa - CN IX, X, and XI - superior bulb of internal jugular vein - inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses - meningeal branches of ascending phryngeal and occipital arteries
32
Hypoglossal foramen
- posterior cranial fossa | - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
33
Condylar canal
- posterior cranial fossa | - emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck
34
Mastoid foramen
- posterior cranial fossa | - mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
35
the type of fracture that occurs in the skull depends on...
- age - severity of blow - area of skull
36
What can the adult skull be compared to?
An eggshell in that is has a limited resilience beyond which it splinters
37
Severe, localized blow
Produces a local indentation, often accompanied by splintering of the bone
38
Blows to the vault (top of cranium)
Often result in a series of linear fractures, which radiate out through the vein through thin areas of bone
39
What part of skul tends to deflect linear fractures?
The patrons part of the temporal bones and occipital crests strongly reinforce the base of the skull and tend to do this
40
What is a young child's skull compared to?
Ping-pong ball in that a localized blow produces a depression without splintering
41
Pond fracture
Localized blow that produces a depression without splintering (usually in young children)
42
What is usually damaged when there is a fracture to the anterior cranial fossa?
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
43
What does damage to the cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone usually cause?
Tearing of the overlying meninges
44
Damages done from fracturing the anterior cranial fossa
- cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone damaged which causes tearing of the overlying meninges - bleeding from the nose (epistaxis) and leakage of the CSF into nose (cerebrospinal rhinorrhea)
45
Fractures involving the orbital plate of the frontal bone
Result in hemorrhage beneath the conjunctiva and into the orbital cavity, causing exophthalmos (bulging eye)
46
If the frontal sinus is involved in a fracture to the anterior cranial fossa
Hemorrhage into the nose
47
Which part of the skull has the most common fractures?
Middle cranial fossa
48
Why is the middle cranial fossa the most common place for skull fractures?
Weakest part of the base of the skull
49
What is the weakness of the middle cranial fossa caused by?
Presence of numerous foramina and canals in this region, the cavities of the middle ear and the sphenoidal sinus
50
What is common when there is a middle cranial fossa fracture?
Leakage of CSF and blood from the external auditory meatus
51
What cranial nerves may be involved when the middle cranial fossa is fractured ?
VII and VIII -they pass through the petrous portion of the temporal bone III, IV, and VI -if the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is torn
52
What happens if CN III, IV, and VI are damaged during a fracture to the middle cranial fossa?
Blood and CSF may leak into the sphenoidal sinus and then into the nose
53
What kind of fracture could cause blood to escape into the nape of the neck deep into the postvertebral muscles?
Fracture to the posterior cranial fossa
54
Days after a posterior cranial fossa fracture, what happens to the blood?
It can be tracked between muscles and appear in the posterior triangle, close to the mastoid process
55
In what kind of fracture could the nasopharynx be torn
Posterior cranial fossa fracture | -blood may escape there
56
If the jugular foramen is damaged...
CN IX, X, and XI may also be damaged | Posterior cranial fossa fracture
57
Why does the hypoglossal nerve get spared during a posterior cranial fossa fracture?
Walls of the hypoglossal canal are strong
58
Signs of facial bone fractures
- deformity - ocular displacement - abnormal movement accompanied by crepitation (noise to crunching sound) - malocclusion
59
What do the facial muscles do during a facial fracture?
They are thin and weak and therefore cause little displacement of bone fragments
60
What is the only facial fracture that would cause considerable misplacement of the fractured bone?
Fractured mandible
61
What does the most common facial fracture involve?
Nasal bones, followed by the zygomatic bone, and then the mandible
62
What do maxillofacial fractures occur as a result of?
Massive trauma
63
What are symptoms of a maxillofacial fracture?
- swelling of the face - midfacial mobility of underlying bone on palpating - malocclusion of the teeth - possible leakage of CSF from the nose
64
If orbital wall damage occurs due to maxillofacial fracture...
Diplopia can occur
65
Damage to the infraorbital nerve in fracture of the maxilla can cause
Anesthesia or parenthesis of the cheek and upper gum | -blood can leak into the maxillary sinus and then leak into the nasal cavity resulting in epistaxis
66
Le Fort I
-maxillofacial fracture that occurs across the maxilla and under the nose
67
Le Fort II
-maxillofacial fracture across the top of the nose
68
Le Fort III
-maxillofacial fracture across orbital region

Anatomy BLOCK 3 (13 decks)

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