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Anatomy BLOCK 3 > The Skull > Flashcards

The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Sutures

A

The skull is composed of several separate bones united at these immobile joints

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2
Q

What is the connective tissues between the bones on the skull called?

A

The sutural ligament

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3
Q

What is the exception to sutural ligaments?

A

The mandible

-it is attached tot he skull via the mobile temporomandibular joint

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4
Q

Mandible is attached to the skull via what

A

Mobile temporomandibular joint

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5
Q

How are the bone of the skull divided?

A

Into the bones of the cranium and those of the face

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6
Q

Vault

A

Upper part of the cranium

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7
Q

What is the lowest part of the skull?

A

The base

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8
Q

Diploe

A

Bones of the skull are made up if external and internal tables of compact bone separated by a layer of this

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9
Q

Which table of the skull is thinner and more brittle?

A

The internal

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10
Q

What covers the outer and inner surfaces of the bone?

A

Periosteum

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11
Q

Pterion

A

Junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones; overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery
-thin area, middle meningeal artery under this. If someone gets hit here, fracture and tear artery, causing hemorrhaging, killing person

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12
Q

Lambda

A

Point on calvaria at junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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13
Q

Bregma

A

Point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

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14
Q

Vertex

A

Topmost point

-superior point of neurocranium, in middle with cranium oriented in anatomical plane

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15
Q

Asterion

A 
Star shaped 
located at the junction of three structures 
-parietomastoid 
-occipitomastoid 
-lambdoid
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16
Q

Glabella

A

Anterior projection

  • smooth prominence;
  • most marked in males
  • on frontal bones superior to root of nose
  • most anterior projecting part of forehead
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17
Q

Inion

A

Most prominent point of external occipital protuberance

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18
Q

Nasion

A

Point on cranium where frontonasal and internasal sutures meet

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19
Q

Parietal foramen in skull

A
  • small hole in top of skull

- allows blood vessels from scalp to go interior to structures

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20
Q

Foramen cecum

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- nasal emissary vein (1% of pop)

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21
Q

Cribiform foramina in cribiform plate

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves

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22
Q

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- vessels and nerves with same name

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23
Q

Optic canals

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- optic nerves (CNII) and ophthalmic arteries

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24
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerves (CNV1); CNIII, IV, and VI; and sympathetic fibers

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25
Q

Foramen rotundum

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- maxillary nerve (CNV2)

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26
Q

Foramen ovale

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- maxillary nerve (CNV3) and accessory meningeal artery

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27
Q

Foramen spinosum

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3

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28
Q

Forman lacerum (a)

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins

29
Q

Groove or hiatus of greater petrosal nerve

A
  • middle cranial fossa

- greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery

30
Q

Foramen magnum

A
  • posterior cranial fossa

- medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries

31
Q

Jugular foramen

A
  • posterior cranial fossa
  • CN IX, X, and XI
  • superior bulb of internal jugular vein
  • inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
  • meningeal branches of ascending phryngeal and occipital arteries
32
Q

Hypoglossal foramen

A
  • posterior cranial fossa

- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

33
Q

Condylar canal

A
  • posterior cranial fossa

- emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck

34
Q

Mastoid foramen

A
  • posterior cranial fossa

- mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery

35
Q

the type of fracture that occurs in the skull depends on…

A
  • age
  • severity of blow
  • area of skull
36
Q

What can the adult skull be compared to?

A

An eggshell in that is has a limited resilience beyond which it splinters

37
Q

Severe, localized blow

A

Produces a local indentation, often accompanied by splintering of the bone

38
Q

Blows to the vault (top of cranium)

A

Often result in a series of linear fractures, which radiate out through the vein through thin areas of bone

39
Q

What part of skul tends to deflect linear fractures?

A

The patrons part of the temporal bones and occipital crests strongly reinforce the base of the skull and tend to do this

40
Q

What is a young child’s skull compared to?

A

Ping-pong ball in that a localized blow produces a depression without splintering

41
Q

Pond fracture

A

Localized blow that produces a depression without splintering (usually in young children)

42
Q

What is usually damaged when there is a fracture to the anterior cranial fossa?

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

43
Q

What does damage to the cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone usually cause?

A

Tearing of the overlying meninges

44
Q

Damages done from fracturing the anterior cranial fossa

A
  • cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone damaged which causes tearing of the overlying meninges
  • bleeding from the nose (epistaxis) and leakage of the CSF into nose (cerebrospinal rhinorrhea)
45
Q

Fractures involving the orbital plate of the frontal bone

A

Result in hemorrhage beneath the conjunctiva and into the orbital cavity, causing exophthalmos (bulging eye)

46
Q

If the frontal sinus is involved in a fracture to the anterior cranial fossa

A

Hemorrhage into the nose

47
Q

Which part of the skull has the most common fractures?

A

Middle cranial fossa

48
Q

Why is the middle cranial fossa the most common place for skull fractures?

A

Weakest part of the base of the skull

49
Q

What is the weakness of the middle cranial fossa caused by?

A

Presence of numerous foramina and canals in this region, the cavities of the middle ear and the sphenoidal sinus

50
Q

What is common when there is a middle cranial fossa fracture?

A

Leakage of CSF and blood from the external auditory meatus

51
Q

What cranial nerves may be involved when the middle cranial fossa is fractured ?

A

VII and VIII
-they pass through the petrous portion of the temporal bone

III, IV, and VI
-if the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is torn

52
Q

What happens if CN III, IV, and VI are damaged during a fracture to the middle cranial fossa?

A

Blood and CSF may leak into the sphenoidal sinus and then into the nose

53
Q

What kind of fracture could cause blood to escape into the nape of the neck deep into the postvertebral muscles?

A

Fracture to the posterior cranial fossa

54
Q

Days after a posterior cranial fossa fracture, what happens to the blood?

A

It can be tracked between muscles and appear in the posterior triangle, close to the mastoid process

55
Q

In what kind of fracture could the nasopharynx be torn

A

Posterior cranial fossa fracture

-blood may escape there

56
Q

If the jugular foramen is damaged…

A

CN IX, X, and XI may also be damaged

Posterior cranial fossa fracture

57
Q

Why does the hypoglossal nerve get spared during a posterior cranial fossa fracture?

A

Walls of the hypoglossal canal are strong

58
Q

Signs of facial bone fractures

A
  • deformity
  • ocular displacement
  • abnormal movement accompanied by crepitation (noise to crunching sound)
  • malocclusion
59
Q

What do the facial muscles do during a facial fracture?

A

They are thin and weak and therefore cause little displacement of bone fragments

60
Q

What is the only facial fracture that would cause considerable misplacement of the fractured bone?

A

Fractured mandible

61
Q

What does the most common facial fracture involve?

A

Nasal bones, followed by the zygomatic bone, and then the mandible

62
Q

What do maxillofacial fractures occur as a result of?

A

Massive trauma

63
Q

What are symptoms of a maxillofacial fracture?

A
  • swelling of the face
  • midfacial mobility of underlying bone on palpating
  • malocclusion of the teeth
  • possible leakage of CSF from the nose
64
Q

If orbital wall damage occurs due to maxillofacial fracture…

A

Diplopia can occur

65
Q

Damage to the infraorbital nerve in fracture of the maxilla can cause

A

Anesthesia or parenthesis of the cheek and upper gum

-blood can leak into the maxillary sinus and then leak into the nasal cavity resulting in epistaxis

66
Q

Le Fort I

A

-maxillofacial fracture that occurs across the maxilla and under the nose

67
Q

Le Fort II

A

-maxillofacial fracture across the top of the nose

68
Q

Le Fort III

A

-maxillofacial fracture across orbital region

Anatomy BLOCK 3 (13 decks)

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