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Anatomy BLOCK 3 > Orbit And eye > Flashcards

Orbit And eye Flashcards

1
Q

What does the orbit contain?

A
  • eyeballs
  • extraocular muscles
  • nerves
  • BV
  • SO MUCH fat
  • lacrimal gland
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2
Q

What are the orbits

A

A pair of bony cavities

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3
Q

What is the shape of the orbit?

A

Pyramidal
Base in front
Apex behind

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4
Q

Roof of orbit

A

Orbital plate of the frontal bone

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5
Q

Lateral wall of the orbit

A

Formed by the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid

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6
Q

Floor of the orbit

A

Formed by the orbital plate of the maxilla, which separates the orbital cavity from the maxillary sinus

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7
Q

Medial wall of the orbit

A

Formed by the frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, orbital plate of the ethmoid, and the body of sphenoid

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8
Q

What is the purpose of eyelids?

A

Protect the eye from injury and excessive light

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9
Q

Upper eye lid

A

Larger and more mobile than the lower lid

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10
Q

Where do both eyelids meet?

A

At the medial and lateral angles

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11
Q

The opening between the eyelids and the entrance into the conjunctival sac

A

Palpebral fissure

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12
Q

What is the superficial surface of the eyelid covered in?

A

Skin

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13
Q

What is the deep surface of the eyelid covered with?

A

mucous membrane called the conjunctiva

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14
Q

How are the eyelashes arranged?

A

In double or triple rows at the mucocutaneous junction

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15
Q

What kind of glands open into the eyelash follicles?

A

Sebaceous

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16
Q

Modified sebaceous glands that open into the margin of the eyelid behind the eyelashes

A

Tarsal glands

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17
Q

What do tarsal glands secrete?

A

Oily substance which prevents the overflow of tears

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18
Q

Thin mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected at the superior and inferior cornices onto the anterior surface of the eyeball

A

Conjunctiva

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19
Q

What is continuous with the cornea?

A

Epithelium of the conjunctiva

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20
Q

Potential space

A

The conjunctiva creates this, which opens at the palpebral fissure

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21
Q

What ar the eyelids supported about

A

Fibrous sheet called the orbital septum

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22
Q

What is attached to the periosteum at the orbital margins

A

Septum

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23
Q

What forms the tarsal plates?

A

The orbital margins thicken to form it

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24
Q

What is embedded in the tarsal plate

A

Tarsal glands

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25
Q

What consists of a large orbital part and a small palpebral part, which are continuous with each other?

A

Lacrimal gland

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26
Q

Where is the locational gland located

A

Above the eyeball in the upper lateral and anterior aspect of the orbit

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27
Q

How many ducts are in the lacrimal gland?

A

12

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28
Q

Where do the ducts of the lacrimal gland open

A

Into the lateral part of the superior fornix of the conjunctiva

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29
Q

What are the two parts of the lacrimal gland

A

Large orbital part and a small palpebral part, which are continuous with each other

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30
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located in regard to eyeball

A

Above the eyeball in the upper lateral and anterior aspect and the orbit

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31
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal glands

A

Fibers derived from the lacrimal nucleus of the facial nerve

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32
Q

What ganglion do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach for the lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal nerve of the pterygoid canal

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33
Q

When the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the ganglion, where do they join?

A

Branches of V2 (zygomatic and sygomaticotermporal nerve)

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34
Q

How do the postganglionic fibers reach the lacrimal gland?

A

Lacrimal nerve

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35
Q

What is the sympathetic postganglionic supply from (for the lacrimal apparatus)?

A

Internal carotid plexus

Synapse in the ganglion, not in the head

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36
Q

What do the postganglionic sympathetic fibers o the lacrimal apparatus join?

A

The deep petrosal nerve, the nerve of the pterygoid canal, the zygomatic nerve, and the lacrimal nerve

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37
Q

Where do the tears accumulate?

A

Lacus lacrimalis (lake of tears)

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38
Q

What’re do the tears enter after they accumulate in the lacus lacrimalis?

A

Lacrimal canaliculi through the lacrimal punctum

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39
Q

Where does the canaliculi pass?

A

Medically and open into the lacrimal sac, which lies in the lacrimal groove behind the medial palpebral ligament

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40
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

The lacrimal sac is the upper blind end of this

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41
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct start?

A

At the lower end of the lacrimal sac

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42
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct descend?

A

Downward in a bony canal and opens in the inferior meatus of the nose

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43
Q

Where does the optic nerve enter?

A

Enters the orbit by passing through the optic canal

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44
Q

What kind of fibers does the optic nerve contain?

A

Autonomic/sensory/motor

45
Q

What is the optic nerve really?

A

A tract

46
Q

What accompanies the optic nerve

A

Ophthalmic artery

47
Q

What is the optic nerve surrounded by?

A

Meningeal sheaths of pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater

48
Q

Where does the optic nerve pieces the sclera?

A

At a point medial to the posterior pole of the eyeball

49
Q

Where do the nerves fuse with the sclera?

A

At the point where the nerve pierces the sclera

50
Q

What is contained in the subarachnoid space in the optic nerve?

A

CSF

51
Q

What happens when there is a rise in pressure within the cranial cavity?

A

It is transmitted to the back if the eyeball and causes papilledema (due to the CSF in subarachnoid space)

52
Q

What are the main nerves to enter the orbit?

A
  • Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V1
  • oculomotor nerve
  • trochlear
  • abducens
53
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • frontal (big, prominent)
  • lacrimal (toward lacrimal gland)
  • nasociliary (medial direction)
54
Q

What does the frontal nerve branch into?

A
  • supratrochlear

- supraorbital

55
Q

What do the supratrochlear and the supraorbital supply?

A

The skin of the forehead and the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus

56
Q

How does the lacrimal nerve run?

A

Passes forward along the upper border of the lateral rectus muscle (toward lacrimal gland)

57
Q

What is the lacrimal nerve joined by?

A

A branch of the zygomaticotemporal (parasympathetic) nerve, which later leaves to enter the lacrimal gland

58
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland end?

A

In the skin of the lateral part of the upper eyelid

59
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve enter?

A

The orbit through the lower part of the superior orbital fissure

60
Q

What are the branches of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Superior branch

Inferior branch

61
Q

Superior branch of the oculomotor nerve

A

Supplies the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles (open your eyelid)

62
Q

Inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve

A

Supplies the inferior rectus, the medial rectus, and the inferior oblique muscles

63
Q

What does the nerve to the inferior oblique give off?

A

A branch to the ciliary ganglion

64
Q

What does the ciliary ganglion Carrie?

A

Parasympathetic fibers to the sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscle

65
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve enter orbit?

A

Via the upper part of the superior orbital fissure

66
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Superior oblique muscle

67
Q

What is the only nerve from the posterior aspect of the midbrain?

A

Trochlear nerve

68
Q

Where does the abducens nerve enter?

A

The orbit through the lower part of the superior orbital fissure

69
Q

What does the abducens nerve supply?

A

Lateral rectus

70
Q

How does the nasociliary muscle run?

A

Crosses above the optic nerve, runs forward along the upper margin of the medial rectus muscle, and ends by dividing into anterior ethmoidal nerve and the infratrochlear nerve

71
Q

what are the branches of the nasociliary nerve?

A
  • communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion (sensory)

- long ciliary nerves

72
Q

Long ciliary nerve

A
  • branch of the nasociliary nerve
  • contains sympathetic fibers for the dilator pupillae muscle
  • pierce the sclera of eyeball
73
Q

Posterior ethmoidal nerve

A

Supplies the ethmoidal and sphenoidal air sinuses (right in the center of the head)

74
Q

How does the infratrochlear nerve run?

A

Passes forward below the pulley of the superior oblique muscle

75
Q

What does the infratrochlear supply?

A

Medial part of the upper eyelid and the adjacent part of the nose

76
Q

How does the anterior ethmoidal nerve pass?

A

Through the anterior ethmoidal foramen and enters the anterior cranial fossa. It enters the nasal cavity and emerges on the face as the external nasal branch

77
Q

WHat does the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply?

A

Mucosa in the nose, when it comes out onto the face as the external nasal branch, it supples the nose as far down as the tip

78
Q

What does the ophthalmic artery branch from?

A

Internal carotid artery

79
Q

How does the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit?

A

Through the optic canal with the optic nerve

80
Q

Branches of the ophthalmic artery

A
  • central artery of the retina
  • muscular branches
  • ciliary arteries
  • lacrimal artery
  • supratrochlear artery
  • supraorbital artery
81
Q

Branches of central artery of the retina

A
  • most important branch of the ophthalmic artery

- runs within the optic nerve and enters the eyeball at the center of the optic disc

82
Q

Muscular branches of ophthalmic artery

A

Supply the extraocular muscles

83
Q

Ciliary arteries

A
  • branches of the ophthalmic artery
  • divided into the anterior and posterior groups
  • anterior enters eyeball near the corneoscleral junction
  • posterior enters near optic nerve
84
Q

Lacrimal artery

A
  • branch of the ophthalmic artery

- lacrimal gland

85
Q

Supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries

A
  • branches of the ophthalmic artery

- distributed to the skin of the forehead

86
Q

Superior ophthalmic vein

A

Communicates in front with the facial vein

87
Q

Inferior ophthalmic vein

A
  • branch of the ophthalmic vein

- communicates through the inferior orbital fissure with the pterygoid venous plexus

88
Q

How do the branches of the ophthalmic veins pass

A

Backward through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus

89
Q

Ciliary ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion about the size of a pinhead

90
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion located?

A

Posterior part of the orbit

91
Q

What kind of fibers does the ciliary ganglion receive?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the oculomoter nerve via the nerve to the inferior oblique

92
Q

How do the postganglionic fibers leave the ciliary ganglion

A

In the short ciliary nerves, which enter the back of the eyeball and supply the sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscle

93
Q

Stand alone parasympathetic fibers

A

Pterygopalatine

94
Q

What is the presynaptic root of the ciliary ganglion?

A

Oculomoter

95
Q

What innervated the dilator pupillae and the levator palpebrae superioris

A

Postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers

96
Q

The center of the cornea or the center of the pupil is used as the anatomical

A

Anterior pole

97
Q

What all directions of the movement of the anterior pole as it rotates on any one of the three axes

A

Horizontal, vertical, sagittal

98
Q

Rotation of the eye upward

A

Elevation

99
Q

Rotation of the eye downward

A

Depression

100
Q

Roast action of the eye laterally

A

Abduction

101
Q

Rotation of the eye medially

A

Adduction

102
Q

What does the eye use as a marker for rotary movements

A

Upper rim of the cornea or pupil as the marker

103
Q

How does the eye rotate

A

Medially or laterally

104
Q

What are the muscles of the eye?

A
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • medial rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • superior oblique
  • inferior oblique
105
Q

What do the superior and inferior recti do?

A

Inserted on medial side of the vertical axis of the eyeball, they not only raise and depress the cornea, respectively, but they also rotate it medially

106
Q

What must happen for the superior rectus to raise the cornea?

A

The inferior oblique must also assist

107
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle pass?

A

Through the trochlear in the medial part of the orbit

108
Q

Tendon of the superior oblique

A

Turns backward to insert into the sclera beneath the superior rectus muscle

Anatomy BLOCK 3 (13 decks)

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