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Anatomy BLOCK 3 > Face And Scalp > Flashcards

Face And Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose areolar connective tissue 
Pericranium
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2
Q

Skin of the scalp

A

Thick, with hair and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

Connective tissue of the scalp

A

Fibrous, fatty connective tissue with septa that’s connect the skin to the aponeurosis

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4
Q

Aponeurosis of the scalp

A
  • epicranial

- a thin, tendinous sheet that connects the bellies of the occipitofrontalis

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5
Q

Loose aereolar connective tissue of the scalp

A

Located in the subaponeurotic space

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6
Q

Pericranium of the scalp

A

The periosteum covering the outer surface of the skull bones

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7
Q

Infections of the superior Sagittal sinus

A

Can spread to all the veins of the brain

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8
Q

Muscles of the scalp

A

Occipitofrontalis with 2 bellies

  • occipital belly
  • frontal belly
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9
Q

What muscle originates from the nuchal line of the occipital bone and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

Occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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10
Q

Occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp

A

Originates from the nuchal line of the occipital bone and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis

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11
Q

What originates from skin and superficial fascia of the eyebrow area and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp

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12
Q

Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp

A

Originates from the skin and superficial fascia of the eyebrow area and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis

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13
Q

What is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

Move the scalp on the skull and raise the eyebrows

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14
Q

What is the occipitofrontalis muscle innervated by?

A

Facial nerve

CN XII

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15
Q

What branch does the supratrochlear and supraorbital come from

A

Branches of the ophthalmic artery

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16
Q

Where do the nerves lie in the scalp?

A

Superficial fascia

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17
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the scalp?

A
  • supratrochlear nerve
  • supraorbital nerve
  • zygomaticaotemporal nerve
  • auriculotemporal nerve
  • lesser occipital nerve
  • greater occipital nerve
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18
Q

Supratrochlear nerve

A
  • sensory nerve supply to scalp

- branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

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19
Q

Supraorbital nerve

A
  • sensory nerve supply to the scalp

- branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

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20
Q

Zygomaticotemporal nerve

A
  • sensory supply to the scalp
  • a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)
  • cheekbone
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21
Q

Auriculotemporal nerve

A
  • sensory innervation to scalp

- branch of the mandible are division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

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22
Q

Lesser occipital nerve

A
  • sensory innervation of scalp

- branch of the cervical plexus (C2)

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23
Q

Greater occipital nerve

A

-sensory innervation to scalp

Branch of the dorsal ramus of C2

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24
Q

Blood supply to scalp

A

Extensive supply

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25
Q

What happens if the scalp gets cut?

A

Profuse bleeding because of extensive blood supply

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26
Q

Arteries of the scalp

A
  • supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries
  • superficial temporal artery
  • posterior auricular artery
  • occipital artery
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27
Q

Supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries

A
  • arterial supply of the scalp
  • branches of the ophthalmic artery
  • ascend over the forehead
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28
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A
  • arterial supply of scalp
  • terminal branch of the external carotid
  • ascends in front of the ear
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29
Q

Posterior auricular artery

A
  • arterial supply of the scalp
  • branch of the external carotid artery
  • ascends behind the ear
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30
Q

Occipital artery

A
  • arterial supply of the scalp
  • branch of the external carotid artery
  • supplies the skin over the back of the skull
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31
Q

Veins of the scalp

A 
Supratrochlear and supraorbital veins
-facial vein
Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
-retromandibular vein
External jugular vein
Occipital vein
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32
Q

Features of the veins of scalp

A

Veins of the scalp freely anastomose with each other and are connected to the diploic veins of the skull bones and the intracranial venous sinuses via emissary veins

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33
Q

What forms the facial veins?

A

The supretrochlear and supraorbital veins unite at the medial margin of the orbit to form this

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34
Q

Where is the facial vein formed?

A

Memorial margin of the orbit

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35
Q

What forms the retromandibular vein

A

Superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein

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36
Q

What forms the external jugular vein

A

Posterior auricular vein unites with the posterior division of the retromandibular vein

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37
Q

What forms the internal jugular vein

A

The occipital vein drains into the suboccipital venous plexus, which in turn drains into the vertebral veins or the internal jugular vein

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38
Q

What are the veins of the scalp connected to?

A

Diploic veins of the skull bones and the intracranial venous sinuses via emissary veins

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39
Q

Where do the lymph vessels in the anterior part of the scalp and forehead drain into?

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

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40
Q

Where does drainage from the lateral part of the scalp above the ear drain into? (Lymph)

A

Superficial parotid (preauricular) nodes (before ear)

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41
Q

Lymph vessels in the part of the scalp above and behind the ear drain into…

A

Mastoid nodes behind the ear

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42
Q

Lymph vessels in the back of the scalp drain into the…

A

Occipital nodes

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43
Q

Why does the scalp have such abundant blood supply?

A

The nourish the hair follicles

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44
Q

Small laceration in scalp

A

Can cause severe blood loss

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45
Q

Why is bleeding of the scalp so hard to stop?

A

Because the arterial walls are attached to fibrous septa in the subcutaneous tissue

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46
Q

Attachment of the arterial walls to the fibrous septa

A

Makes the wall unable to contrast or retract to allow blood clotting to take place

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47
Q

What is the only effective way to stop the bleeding?

A

Local pressure

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48
Q

What is an important factor in deep wounds of the scalp?

A

The tension of the epicranial aponeurosis, which is produces by the tone of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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49
Q

What is the tension of the epicranial aponeurosis produced by?

A

The tone of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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50
Q

What happens if the epicranial aponeurosis has been divided?

A

The scalp wound will gape open

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51
Q

For healing of a scalp laceration..

A

The cut in the aponeurosis must be sutured

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52
Q

What does the skin of the face posses?

A

Many sweat and sebaceous glands

53
Q

What is the skin of the face connected to the underlying bones by?

A

Loose connective tissue

54
Q

Where are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Embedded in the connective tissue

55
Q

Deep fascia of the face

A

There is none

56
Q

Why does the face bruise so easily and movement of the bruise?

A

Because there is no deep fascia to keep it in one place

57
Q

What causes wrinkles of the face>

A
  • Repeated folding of the skin perpendicular to the long axis of the underlying muscles
  • aging skin loses its elasticity too
58
Q

Surgical scars on the face

A

Less conspicuous if they follow the wrinkle lines

59
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the skin of the face?

A

Three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, except for a small area over the angle of the mandible and the parotid gland, which is supplied by the great auricular nerve (C2 and 3)

60
Q

What sensory nerve supples the small area over the angle of the mandible and the parotid gland?

A

Great auricular nerve (C2 and 3)

61
Q

What else does the trigeminal nerve branches supply?

A

Sensory information to the mouth, teeth, nasal cavities, and paranasal air sinuses

62
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • ophthalmic
  • maxillary
  • mandibular
63
Q

Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve supplies what

A
  • skin of the forehead
  • upper eyelid
  • conjunctiva
  • side of the nose down to and including the tip
64
Q

What are the 5 branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • lacrimal nerve
  • supraorbital nerve
  • supratrochlear nerve
  • infratrochlear nerve
  • external nasal nerve
65
Q

Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve supplies what

A
  • skin on the posterior part of the side of the nose
  • lower eyelid
  • cheek
  • upper lip
  • lateral side of the orbital opening
66
Q

What are the 3 cutaneous branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • infraorbital nerve
  • zygomaticofacial nerve
  • sygomaticaotemporal nerve
67
Q

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve supplies what

A
  • skin of the lower lip
  • lower part of the face
  • the temporal region
  • part of the ear
68
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • mental nerve
  • buccal nerve
  • auriculotemporal nerve
69
Q

What are the two sources that the face receives its arterial supply from?

A
  • facial artery

- superficial temporal artery

70
Q

The blood supply of the face is supplemented by…

A

Small arteries that accompany the sensory nerves of the face

71
Q

How does the facial artery course?>

A

Upward and over the submandibular salivary glands

72
Q

What does the facial artery curve around

A

The inferior border of the mandible at the anterior border of the masseter muscle

73
Q

Where can the pulse of the facial artery be felt?

A

Where it crosses the mandible

74
Q

What is the facial artery covered by?

A

Platysma and risorious muscles

75
Q

Where does the tortuous course of the facial artery go?

A

From the angle of the mouth to the medial angle of the eye

76
Q

What happens at the medial angle of the eye to the facial artery?

A

Anastomoses with branches of the ophthalmic artery

77
Q

Branches of the facial artery

A
  • submental artery
  • inferior labial artery
  • superior labial artery
  • lateral nasal artery
78
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A
  • arterial supply of the face

- transverse facial artery (a branch of the superficial artery)

79
Q

Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

A
  • arterial supply of face
  • branches of the ophthalmic artery
  • supply the skin of the forehead
80
Q

What are the main arterial supply of the face?

A
  • facial artery (4 branches)
  • superficial temporal artery
  • supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries (branches of the ophthalmic artery
81
Q

Where is the facial vein formed ?

A

At the medial angle of the eye by the union of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins

82
Q

What is the facial vein connected to?

A

The superior ophthalmic vein directly through the supraorbital vein

83
Q

What is the facial vein connected to by way of the superior ophthalmic vein?

A

The cavernous sinus

84
Q

Why is the facial vein connection to the cavernous sinus important?

A

Because it provides a path for infection to spread from the face to the cavernous sinus

85
Q

Where does the facial vein descend?

A

Behind the facial artery to the lower margin of the mandible

86
Q

Where does the facial vein cross?

A

Superficially to the submandibular salivary gland and is joined by the anterior division of the retromandibular vein

87
Q

What does the facial vein drain into?

A

The internal jugular vein

88
Q

What does the facial vein receive >

A

Tributaries that correspond to the branches of the facial artery

89
Q

What is the facial vein joined to by the deep facial vein?

A

The pterygoid venous plexus

90
Q

What is the facial vein joined to the pterygoid venous plexus by?

A

The deep facial vein

91
Q

What is the facial vein joined to the cavernous sinus by?

A

The superior ophthalmic vein

92
Q

What does the superior ophthalmic vein and facial vein join together to drain to?

A

Cavernous sinus

93
Q

What does the transverse facial vein join?

A

The superficial temporal vein in the parotid gland

94
Q

What is the main lymph node of the face?

A

The submandibular lymph nodes

95
Q

Lymph from the forehead and the anterior part of the face drains into the

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

96
Q

Buccal lymph nodes

A

May be a few of these along the course of the lymph vessels coming from the forehead and the anterior part of the face to the submandibular lymph nodes

97
Q

What drains into the parotid lymph nodes (in front of ear)?

A

The lateral part of the face, including the lateral parts of the eyelid is drained by lymph vessels that terminate here

98
Q

What drains into the submental lymph nodes? (Under the chin)

A

The central part of the lower lip and the skin of the chin

99
Q

Where are the muscles of the face embedded?

A

In the superficial fascia

100
Q

Where do most of the muscles of facial expression originate>

A

From the bones of the skull

101
Q

Where do most muscles of facial expression insert?

A

Into the skin

102
Q

What kind of muscles are the facial orifices (orbit, nose, mouth) surrounded by?

A

Sphincter or dilators

103
Q

What are all facial muscles innervated by?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

104
Q

What is the sphincter muscles of the eyelid?

A

Orbicularis oculi

105
Q

What are the dilator muscles of the eyelid?

A
  • Lavatory palpebrae superioris

- Occipitofrontalis

106
Q

Sphincter muscles of the nose

A

Compressor nares

107
Q

What is the dilator muscle of the nose?

A

Dilator naris

108
Q

Sphincter muscle of the mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

109
Q

Dilator muscles of the mouth

A

Consist of a series of small muscles that radiate out from the lips
-innervated by the buccal nerve

110
Q

Sphincter muscles of the lips

A

Orbicularis oris

111
Q

What is the orbicularis oris innervated by?

A

Buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve

112
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oris?

A

Compress the lips together

113
Q

Dilator muscles of the lips

A

Radiate out from the lips

114
Q

Action of the dilator muscles of the lips

A

Separate the lips

115
Q

What are the dilator muscles of the lips?

A
  • lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  • lavatory labii superioris
  • zygomaticus major and minor
  • elevator anguli oris
  • risorious
  • depressor anguli oris
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • mentalis
116
Q

What are the dilator muscles of the lips innervated by?

A

Buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve

117
Q

Where does the buccinator originate from?

A

The outer surface of the alveolar margins of the mandible and maxilla, opposite the molars; it also originates from the pterygomandibular ligament

118
Q

What pierces the buccinator?

A

Parotid duct (salivary gland)

119
Q

What happens to the buccinator muscle at the angle of the mouth?

A

Muscle fibers decussate (cross) and then blend with and forms part of the orbicularis oris

120
Q

What is the buccinator muscle innervated by?

A

Buccal branch of the facial nerve

121
Q

What is the action of the buccinator muscle ?

A

Compress the cheeks and lips against the teeth (trumpeters muscle)

122
Q

Facial nerve direction

A

Runs forward in the substance of the parotid gland, where it divides into its five terminal branches

123
Q

What kind of innervation does the facial nerve have

A

Motor

124
Q

What are the five branches of the facial nerve?

A
  • temporal branch
  • zygomatic branch
  • buccal branch
  • mandibular branch
  • cervical branch
125
Q

Temporal branch of the facial nerve

A

Supplies the anterior and superior auricular muscles, frontal belly of occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii

126
Q

Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve

A

Supplies the orbicularis oculi

127
Q

Buccal branch of the facial nerve

A

Supplies the buccinator, muscles of the upper lip and nostril

128
Q

Mandibular branch of the facial nerve

A

Supplies the muscles of the lower lip

129
Q

Cervical branch of the facial never

A

Supplies the platysma muscle

Anatomy BLOCK 3 (13 decks)

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