The Skeleton (Chapter 7) Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdles, lower and upper limbs
Skull
Cranium, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid Bones
Cranium
Protects brain, composed of 8 bones, joined via sutures, contains fontanels
Frontal Bone
Forehead and portion of nose and superior orbits
Parietal Bone
Dorsal to frontal bone and forms roof of cranium
Occipital Bone
Base of cranium, foramen magnum is the opening for spinal cord, occipital condyles articulate with atlas (C1)
Temporal Bone
Inferior to parietal bones forms side of cranium, external auditory meatus leads to middle ear, mandibular fossa articulates with mandible, mastoid process is site for neck muscle attachments, styloid process is site of tongue and larynx muscle attachment, zygomatic process forms cheekbone
Sphenoid Bone
Forms side and base of cranium and floors and sides or orbits, sella turcica is a depression for the pituitary gland
Ethmoid Bone
Roof of nasal cavity, crista galli is site for membrane attachments, cribriform plate is passageway for olfactory receptors, perpendicular plate forms nasal septum, superior and middle nasal conchae
Facial Bones
Maxillae, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae, Mandible
Maxilla
Upper Jaw, palatine processes forms anterior portion of hard palate
Palatine Bones
Posterior portion of hard palate, cleft palate (bones do not fuse)
Zygomatic Bones
Sides of orbits and cheek bones, process joins zygomatic process
Lacrimal Bones
Medial walls of orbits, small groove allows passage of lacrimal sac
Nasal Bones
Bridge of nose, ventral portion of nose is cartilage
Vomer Bone
Joins perpendicular plate to form nasal septum
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Project into nasal cavities
Mandible
Lower jaw, ramus is upright projection articulating with mandibular condyle
Sutures
Coronal: parietal and frontal, Sagittal: right and left parietal, Lambdoid: parietal and occipital, Squamous: parietal and temporal
Hyoid Bone
U-shaped and superior to larynx, acts as anchor for tongue and site of attachment for swallowing muscles, does not articulate with other bones
Vertebral Column
C1-7, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, Coccyx 3-5
Structure of Vertebrae
Body: increases in size towards base of column, Vertebral Foramen: passageway for spinal cord, Spinous Process: cervical - short and bifid, thoracic - long/slender and dips down, lumbar - massive and project posteriorly, Superior and Inferior Articulating Processes - joins vertebrae
Atlas and Axis
Atlas: supports and balances head, allows forward and backward movement of head; Axis: odontoid process, allows side to side pivoting of head
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrocartilage cushions vertebrae, prevents grinding and absorbs shock caused by normal movements, allows bending of vertebrae in more than one direction
Thoracic Cage
Protects heart and lungs, plays role in breathing, supports shoulder bones
Ribs
1-7 “true ribs,” 8-12 “false ribs,” 11/12 “floating ribs”
Sternum
Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process
Pectoral Girdle
Supports arms, site of arm muscle attachment, weakly attached via ligaments and muscles and is easily dislocated
Clavicles
S-Shaped and articulate with manubrium and scapula, stabilizes shoulder and is easily fractured
Scapula
Acromion process which articulates with clavicle, glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus
Upper Limb (Arm)
Humerus, Radius and Ulna, Hand
Humerus
Head and various processes for muscle attachments, capitulum articulates with radius, trochlea articulates with ulna
Radius
Head articulates with humerus
Ulna
Trochlear notch articulates with humerus, head articulates with carpals
Hand
Carpal Bones (8): wrist, metacarpal bones (5): palm, Phalanges: 2/thumb, 3/fingers
Pelvic Girdle
Bears weight of body, attachment for legs, protects pelvic organs
Coxal Bones
Ilium: flares out and hip prominence, Ischium: inferior part, Pubis: anterior portion, pubic symphysis: joining of pubic bones, obterator foramen: large opening for blood vessels and nerves to leg, acetabulum: depression articulating with femur
Lower Limb
Femur, Tibia and Fibula, Foot
Femur
Head: lateral/medial condyles articulate with tibia, patellar surface articulates with patella
Tibia
Shin bone: medial/lateral condyles articulate with femur, medial malleolus is bulge of inner ankle
Fibula
Head articulates with tibia, lateral malleolus is bulge of outer ankle
Foot
Tarsal bones (7): form ankle, Metatarsal bones (5): sole of foot, Phalanges: 2/big toe. 3/little toes
Hip Fractures
Causes: femur fractures between head and shaft; Symptoms: pain, inability/trouble bearing body weight, trouble moving
Clubfoot
Causes: structural and postural; Symptoms: present at birth and associated with irregularities in foot and ankle structure
Knock-Knee
Causes: develop of leg growth over time; Symptoms: lower appendages turning inward around knee
Bowleg
Causes: abnormal bone development or during birth; Symptoms: exaggerated bend in legs outward
Bunion
Causes: big toe is angled toward second toe; Symptoms: pain and difficulty walking
Scoliosis
Causes: sideways curvature of spine; Symptoms: uneven shoulders, one shoulder blade appearing more pointed, uneven waist
Lordosis
Causes: lumbar spine has excessive inward curvature; Symptoms: often no symptoms
Kyphosis
Causes: “hunchback” or forward rounding of upper spine; Symptoms: little to no symptoms
Herniated or Slipped Disc
Causes: Injury to spine, disc slips or ruptures, presses against spinal cord and causes pain; Symptoms: pain, numbness, and weakness in legs and buttocks
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Causes: passageway on palmar side of wrist that connects forearm to palm; Symptoms: burning, tingling, or itching numbness in palm and fingers, decreased grip strength
Cleft Palate
Causes: characterized by a split in upper lip and roof of mouth; Symptoms: split in lips
Spina Bifida
Causes: birth defect where neural tubes never develop; Symptoms: differs in severity
