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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System (Chapter 5) > Flashcards

Integumentary System (Chapter 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of

A

Skin, Accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil glands)

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2
Q

Structure of the skin

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis or Subcutaneous Layer

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3
Q

Function of the Epidermis

A

Protects skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals; prevents water loss and gain

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4
Q

Structure of the Epidermis

A

Primarily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular (no blood vessels)

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5
Q

Keratinocytes Function

A

Produce keratin; protects from heat, microbes, and chemicals; contributes to water proofing; produces lamellar granules

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6
Q

Structure/Function of Lamellar Granules

A

Contains glycolipids; upon secretion it provides a water repellant seal

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7
Q

Melanocytes Function

A

Produce melanin granules in response to UV light; transferred to keratinocytes via cytoplasmic processes; forms protective “umbrella” over nucleus of keratinocytes

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8
Q

Langerhans’ Cells (Dendritic Cells) Function

A

Originate in red bone marrow which then migrate to dermal capillaries in epidermis which phagocytize microbes, toxins, and debris; functions as an active immune response as needed

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9
Q

Merkel Cells Function

A

Makes contact with the Merkel disc of a sensory neuron; gives perception of light touch

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10
Q

Layers of Epidermis (highest to lowest)

A

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

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11
Q

Structure of Stratum Basale

A

Single row of stem cells that actively divide using mitosis which result in two daughter cells

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12
Q

Function of the daughter cells in stratum basale

A

One daughter cell journeys from basal layer to surface, process takes 25-45 days; other daughter cell remains in stratum basale as a stem cell which continues to divide

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13
Q

Structure of Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 cell layers thick; keratinocytes in dried out tissue appear spiny due to the presence of fibers attached to desmosomes in adjacent cells; scattered among keratinocytes are abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells

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14
Q

Structure of Stratum Granulosum

A

4-6 cell layers thick; functions as a transition layer; cells flatten and begin undergoing apoptosis; keratinization begins and cells accumulate keratinohyaline granules

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15
Q

Structure of Stratum Lucidum

A

Only appears in thick skin, consists of 2-3 thin rows of translucent bands of dead keratinocytes; increased amounts of keratin with thickened plasma membrane

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16
Q

Structure of Stratum Corneum

A

20-30 rows of anucleated, keratinized dead cells; glycolipids are found between cells; accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness

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17
Q

Function of Stratum Corneum

A

Protects deeper cells from external environments; prevents water loss; protects from abrasion; acts as a barrier against microbial, chemical, and physical assaults

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18
Q

Structure of Dermis

A

strong, flexible CTs; cells consist of macrophages and other WBCs; collagen fibers bind water to keep skin hydrated; contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; contains hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

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19
Q

Structure of Papillary Layer

A

Consists of areolar CT and blood vessels; loosely arranged fibers allow phagocytes to patrol dermis; dermal papillae are fingerlike projections that go up into epidermis; it contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and Meissner’s Corpuscles (light touch receptors)

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20
Q

Function of friction ridges

A

Enhance gripping ability, contribute to sense of touch, sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint patterns

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21
Q

Structure of Reticular Layer

A

Consists of dense irregular CT with many elastic fibers, elastic fibers allow stretch-recoil properties, collagen fibers allow for strength and resiliency; cutaneous plexus is a network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis; find bulk of glands, hair follicles, and Pacinian Corpuscles (deep pressure receptors)

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22
Q

Function of Hypodermis

A

Fat storage for energy source, insulation against heat loss, and protection from physical trauma; Pacinian Corpuscles that allow for deep pressure sensations

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23
Q

Structure of Hypodermis

A

Areolar and adipose CTs; protein fibers from dermis which anchor skin proper to hypodermis; hypodermis attaches underlying tissues to organs; contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

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24
Q

Three types of skin pigments

A

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

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25
Q

Function of Hair

A

Protects scalp from injury and sun, decreases heat loss, and perception of light touch

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26
Q

Structure of Hair

A

Hair root: lies within hair follicle; Hair shaft; projects above skin surface; Medulla: large, irregularly shaped cells with pigment granules; Cortex: flattened cells with pigment granules; Cuticle: single layer of cells overlapping cells with lots of keratin

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27
Q

Structure/Function of Hair Root Plexus

A

Sensory neuron dendrites surrounding hair follicle; sensitive to light touch; nerve impulses generated when hair shafts bend

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28
Q

Hair Pigment Source

A

Produced by melanocytes associated with matrix of hair follicle which then pigment granules pass into epithelial cells of cortex/medulla

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29
Q

Function of Nails

A

Protects ends of digits against trauma, grasp and manipulate small objects, scratch skin

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30
Q

Structure of Nail

A

Nail body/plate: visible portion of nail; Free edge: extends past distal end of digit; Nail root: buried within fold of skin; Nail matrix: epithelium deep to nail root which is the site of mitosis, affected by age, health, nutrition; Eponychium (cuticle): skin fold over nail root; Hyponychium: skin beneath free edge of nail that protects nail bed; Nail bed: attaches nail to fingertip; Lunula

31
Q

Eccrine Gland Structure/Function/Secretion

A

Simple, coiled tubular gland; regulate body temp via evaporation and eliminate small amounts of metabolic wastes; true sweat

32
Q

Apocrine Gland Structure/Function/Secretion

A

Primarily secrete into hair follicles; true sweat which is odorless when secreted but becomes odorous after mixing with bacteria on skin surface

33
Q

Ceruminous Gland Structure

A

simple, coiled, tubular glands or pores that open onto surface of skin; lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

34
Q

Ceruminous Gland Location

A

Skin found in external auditory canal, lies deep to sebaceous glands

35
Q

Ceruminous Gland Function

A

Acts as a sticky barrier to keep foreign bodies out of the auditory canal

36
Q

Ceruminous Gland Secretion

A

Earwax

37
Q

Sebaceous Gland Structure

A

branched, acinar, simple, coiled, tubular glands or pores that open onto surface of skin; lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

38
Q

Sebaceous Gland Location

A

Hair Follicles

39
Q

Sebaceous Gland Function

A

Coats skin/hair to prevent drying and brittleness; Waterproofs hair and skin; Secretion inhibits growth of bacteria

40
Q

Sebaceous Gland Secretion

A

Sebum (oil); can result in black or white heads

41
Q

Mammary Gland Structure/Function/Secretion

A

Modified apocrine glands; found within breasts to nourish infants; milk

42
Q

Structure/Function of Chemical Skin Barrier

A

Sweat (acidic pH), sebum (antimicrobial), melanin (UV light damage)

43
Q

Structure/Function of Physical Skin Barrier

A

Water loss/gain, limits penetration of some chemicals

44
Q

Structure/Function of Biological Skin Barrier

A

DCs/epidermis, macrophages in dermis, phagocytosis of microbes, toxins, debris

45
Q

Process of Vitamin D Synthesis

A

UV rays activate inactive vitamin D precursors in skin, enzymes in liver produce calcidiol which enter blood stream and travel to kidneys which convert calcidiol to calcitriol, calcitriol increases absorption of Ca+2 from small intestines

46
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A

Free nerve endings: pain, warm/cold, vibration, itching, tickling; Hair root plexuses: hairs bending; Merkel discs: light touch; Meissner’s Corpuscles: light touch; Pacinian Corpuscles: deep pressure

47
Q

Increase in Body Temp Mechanism

A

Blood vessels dilate, sweat glands become active, hair lies next to skin to promote heat loss -> body temp decreases

48
Q

Decrease in Body Temp Mechanism

A

Blood vessels constrict, sweat glands become inactive, hairs become erect (arrector pili contract), shivering due to skeletal muscle contractions to produce heat -> body temp increases

49
Q

Define Hyperthermia

A

Body temp rises above normal temperature

50
Q

Mechanism for Heat Stroke

A

Hypothalamus becomes depressed which suspends all cooling mechanisms; Initiates positive feedback mechanism: increased body temp increases metabolic rate which then increases heat production; Skin becomes dry, organs may be damaged, brain may be damaged

51
Q

Mechanism for Heat Exhaustion

A

Headache, nausea, vomiting associated with dehydration; Heat loss mechanisms still in play which can lead to heat stroke

52
Q

Mechanism for Fever

A

Controlled hyperthermia initiated by hypothalamus due to bacterial pyrogens

53
Q

Define Hypothermia

A

Body temp decreases below normal temperature

54
Q

First Degree Burns

A

Affects only epidermis and skin functions are intact; Characterized by redness and pain with no blisters; Heals in 3-6 days

55
Q

Second Degree Burns

A

Destroys epidermis and parts of the dermis with some skin functions lost; Characterized by redness, pain, and blisters; Can heal in 10-15 days

56
Q

Third Degree Burns

A

Entire thickness of skin and subcutaneous layer destroyed; Skin turns gray/white, red or black; Most skin functions lost: no blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, or hair follicles; No pain due to lack of sensory nerve endings; Most likely require skin grafting to prevent extensive fluid loss and infection

57
Q

Fourth Degree Burns

A

All skin layers, tendons, muscles, and sometimes bone are destroyed; Very low survival rate; Autografting or Lab Grown Skin

58
Q

Epidermal Wound Healing Mechanisms

A

Basal stem cells break away from basement membrane, enlarge, and migrate across wound; Migrate as a sheet until advancing cells from opposite sides of the wound meet and stop migrating due to contact inhibition; As basal stem cells migrate EGF stimulate basal stem cells to divide and replace those migrated into wound; Stimulates those newly migrated cells in the wound to divide and form new strata; Epidermis thickens

59
Q

Decubitus Ulcer

A

Localized breakdown and ulceration of skin due to an interference with its blood supply

60
Q

Eczema

A

Inflammation of skin and is characterized by patches of red, blistering, itchy skin

61
Q

Impetigo

A

Signs and symptoms include red sores that quickly rupture, ooze and then form a yellow-brown crust

62
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic autoimmune condition distinguished by epidermal patches that are raised and reddened and covered with silvery scales that itch, burn, and sometimes bleed

63
Q

Vitiligo

A

Pigment loss produces milk-white patches (depigmentation) on skin and is more prominent in people with dark skin

64
Q

Contact Dermatitis

A

Red rash or bumps and severe itching. Dry, cracked, red patches that drain fluid and crusting of skin

65
Q

Alopecia

A

Hair falls out in patches due to immune system attacking their follicles; baldness

66
Q

Albinism

A

Defect of melanin production that results in little to no color in skin, hair, and eyes

67
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

Blackheads, blemishes, whiteheads, pimples, or zits that occur on the face, neck, shoulders, back, or chest

68
Q

Cold Sores

A

Small fluid filled blisters usually occurring around lips

69
Q

Seborrhea

A

Excessive discharge of sebum from sebaceous glands

70
Q

Onychomycosis

A

Nail becomes thickened or discolored and sometimes pieces break off

71
Q

Tinea Infection

A

Dermatophytosis fungi that affect certain areas. Red, itchy, scaly or raised patches; Tinea Pedis: foot, Tinea Captis: scalp, Tinea Cruris: groin and pelvic region

72
Q

Melanoma

A

Change in existing moles or unusual growth on skin. Changes in mole include itching, scaliness, spreading of pigment from mole to surrounding skin

73
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Pearly white or waxy bump. Flat scaly brown or flesh colored patches in dorsal, or thoracic regions of body

74
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Firm red nodule, flat sore with a scaly crust

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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