Joints (Chapter 8) Flashcards
What are joints?
Sites where two or more bones meet
Synarthroses Joint
Immovable
Amphiarthroses Joints
Slightly moveable
Diarthroses Joints
Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
Bones joined by dense fibrous CT with no synovial cavity
Suture Composition/Structure
Thin layer of dense regular CT; Ossify over time -> synostoses; Consist of irregular, interlocking bony edges
Function of Sutures
Increase joint strength
Suture Location
Skull
Functional Classification of Suture
Synarthroses
Syndesmoses Composition
Greater amounts of dense regular CT
Function of Syndesmoses
Allows for greater distance between bones
Organization of Syndesmoses
Bundles -> ligaments; Sheets -> Interosseous Membrane
Functional Classification of Syndesmoses
Amphiarthroses
Gomphoses Compsition/Structure
Thin layer of dense regular CT; Cone-shaped peg fits into pit-like socket
Location of Gomphoses
Mandible and Maxilla
Functional Classification
Synarthroses
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones that are joined by cartilage with no synovial cavity
Synchondroses Composition/Functional Classification
Hyaline Cartilage/Synarthroses
Symphyses Composition/Functional Classification
Hyaline cartilage covers articulating bones, flat disc of fibrocartilage is fused to hyaline cartilage; Amphiarthroses (occur along midline of body)
Synovial Joints
Articulating bones separated by a fluid filled synovial cavity; All joints are diarthroses; Include most limb joints
Articular Cartilage Structure/Function
Structure: hyaline cartilage; Function: reduces friction and helps absorb shock
Articular Capsule: Fibrous Capsule Structure/Function
Outer Layer; Composed of dense irregular CT that is continuous with periosteum of articulating bones; Function: provides a degree of flexibility that helps stabilize joint against dislocation
Articular Capsule Synovial Membrane Structure/Function
Inner Layer; Composed of areolar CT with elastic fibers and may include “fat pads” (accumulations of adipose CT); Function: fibroblast-like cells contribute to production of synovial fluid -> is a joint lubricant
Synovial Fluid Structure/Function
Forms a thin film over surfaces within the articular capsule; It is viscous/clear; Composed of hyaluronic acid (fibroblast-like cells) + tissue fluid (filtered from blood capillaries associated with synovial membrane); Functions: Reduces friction between articulating bones, supplies O2/nutrients and removes CO2/wastes from associated tissues, phagocytes remove debris and microbes
Ligament/Tendon Structure/Function
Structure: Dense regular CT; Function: reinforces and strengthens joints
Fat Pad Composition/Function
Composition: adipose CT; Function: provides cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
Articular Disc Composition and Function
Composition: fibrocartilage, C-shaped which separates articular surfaces; Function: improves fit of bone ends, stabilizes joint and absorbs shock, reduces wear and tear; Found as meniscus in tibiofemoral joint
Bursae Structure and Function
Structure: Flat, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane that are filled with synovial fluid; Function: decrease friction between tendons, ligaments, and bone -> “ball bearings”
Tendon Sheath Structure and Function
Structure: tube-like bursae; Function: wrap around tendons exposed to considerable amounts of friction; Location: shoulder, wrist and ankles, fingers and toes
Planar/Gliding Joints
Shape of Bones: flat/curved surfaces; Type of Movement: side-to-side and back and forth gliding; Planes of Movement: non-axial (no movement around an axis)
Hinge Joints
Shape of Bones: cylinder and trough shapes; Type of Movement: up and down; Planes of Movement: uniaxial (one plane)
Pivot Joints
Shape of Bones: small projection pivots within ring formed by curved depression on bone surface and ligament; Type of Movement: rotation along a longitudinal axis; Planes of Movement: uniaxial
Condyloid/Condylar Joint
Shape of Bones: condyle/projection fits into cavity/depression of another bone; Type of Movement: up and down or side to side (no rotation); Planes of Movement: biaxial (two planes)
Saddle Joint
Shape of Bones: both bones saddle-shaped; Type of Movement: side to side or up and down; Planes of Movement: biaxial
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Shape of Bones: ball-shaped head and cup-shaped socket; Types of Movement: side to side, up and down, and rotation; Planes of Movement: multiaxial (movement in all planes)
Origin and Insertion
All skeletal muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at two points; Origin: attachment to immovable bone; Insertion: attachment to moveable bone
Gliding Movement
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface; Ex: intercarpal, intertarsal joints
Angular Movments
Increase or decrease angle between two bones; Flexion - decreases angle, Extension - increases angle, Hyperextension - movement beyond anatomical position; Abduction - movement away from midline, Adduction - movement towards midline; Circumduction - rotation of ball and socket joint
Rotational Movements
Movement of bone around its own long axis; Medial - rotation towards midline, Lateral - rotation away from midline
Supination and Pronation
Rotation of radius and ulna; Supination - palm faces anteriorly (up), Pronation - palm faces posteriorly (down)
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion - bending of foot toward shin, Plantar - pointing of toes (pushing on break)
Inversion and Eversion
Inversion - sole of foot faces medially, Eversion - sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction and Retraction
Movement in a lateral plane; Protraction - mandible juts out, Retraction - mandible pulled toward neck
Elevation and Depression
Elevation - lifting body parts superiorly, Depression - lowering body part
Opposition
Movement of Thumb
Sprains
Causes: ligament of joint are stretched or torn with no dislocation; Symptoms: painful and immobilizing, inflammation, bruising
Dislocations
Causes: displacement of bone from joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, articular capsules; Symptoms: joint severely painful and immovable, swelling and discoloration, visibly deformed or out of place
Bursitis
Causes: acute or chronic inflammation of bursae; Symptoms: pain or achy feeling, swelling and redness, excessive pain
Tendonitis
Causes: inflammation or irritation of tendon; Symptoms: painful, dull ache, tender to light pressure
Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopic Surgery
Causes: cartilage is overstressed during activity; Symptoms: locking or binding in joint, popping sound
Torn Ligament
Causes: direct injury or sudden twisting of joint; Symptoms: pain or complete loss of function, pop, sudden pain or swelling
Osteoarthritis
Causes: cartilage at ends of bone deteriorates over time; Symptoms: pain, tenderness, stiffness, ROM lessened
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Causes: unknown; Symptoms: fatigue, loss of energy, lack of appetite, muscle and joint aches, stiffness
Gouty Arthritis
Causes: too much uric acid in blood; Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, redness, sharp pain in big toe
Lyme Disease
Causes: inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria; Symptoms: joint pain and arthritis, skin rash, flu-like symptoms
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Causes: disease is a variant of rheumatoid arthritis that affects males; Symptoms: inflammation that leads to ankylosis and kyphosis, pain, stiffness, swelling in hips and spine
Chondromalacia Patellae
Causes: irritation or damage to cartilage on undersurface of patella; Symptoms: dull aching pain in front of knee
