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Anatomy and Physiology > Joints (Chapter 8) > Flashcards

Joints (Chapter 8) Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints?

A

Sites where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

Synarthroses Joint

A

Immovable

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3
Q

Amphiarthroses Joints

A

Slightly moveable

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4
Q

Diarthroses Joints

A

Freely moveable

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous CT with no synovial cavity

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6
Q

Suture Composition/Structure

A

Thin layer of dense regular CT; Ossify over time -> synostoses; Consist of irregular, interlocking bony edges

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7
Q

Function of Sutures

A

Increase joint strength

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8
Q

Suture Location

A

Skull

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9
Q

Functional Classification of Suture

A

Synarthroses

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10
Q

Syndesmoses Composition

A

Greater amounts of dense regular CT

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11
Q

Function of Syndesmoses

A

Allows for greater distance between bones

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12
Q

Organization of Syndesmoses

A

Bundles -> ligaments; Sheets -> Interosseous Membrane

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13
Q

Functional Classification of Syndesmoses

A

Amphiarthroses

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14
Q

Gomphoses Compsition/Structure

A

Thin layer of dense regular CT; Cone-shaped peg fits into pit-like socket

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15
Q

Location of Gomphoses

A

Mandible and Maxilla

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16
Q

Functional Classification

A

Synarthroses

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17
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones that are joined by cartilage with no synovial cavity

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18
Q

Synchondroses Composition/Functional Classification

A

Hyaline Cartilage/Synarthroses

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19
Q

Symphyses Composition/Functional Classification

A

Hyaline cartilage covers articulating bones, flat disc of fibrocartilage is fused to hyaline cartilage; Amphiarthroses (occur along midline of body)

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20
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Articulating bones separated by a fluid filled synovial cavity; All joints are diarthroses; Include most limb joints

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21
Q

Articular Cartilage Structure/Function

A

Structure: hyaline cartilage; Function: reduces friction and helps absorb shock

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22
Q

Articular Capsule: Fibrous Capsule Structure/Function

A

Outer Layer; Composed of dense irregular CT that is continuous with periosteum of articulating bones; Function: provides a degree of flexibility that helps stabilize joint against dislocation

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23
Q

Articular Capsule Synovial Membrane Structure/Function

A

Inner Layer; Composed of areolar CT with elastic fibers and may include “fat pads” (accumulations of adipose CT); Function: fibroblast-like cells contribute to production of synovial fluid -> is a joint lubricant

24
Q

Synovial Fluid Structure/Function

A

Forms a thin film over surfaces within the articular capsule; It is viscous/clear; Composed of hyaluronic acid (fibroblast-like cells) + tissue fluid (filtered from blood capillaries associated with synovial membrane); Functions: Reduces friction between articulating bones, supplies O2/nutrients and removes CO2/wastes from associated tissues, phagocytes remove debris and microbes

25
Q

Ligament/Tendon Structure/Function

A

Structure: Dense regular CT; Function: reinforces and strengthens joints

26
Q

Fat Pad Composition/Function

A

Composition: adipose CT; Function: provides cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

27
Q

Articular Disc Composition and Function

A

Composition: fibrocartilage, C-shaped which separates articular surfaces; Function: improves fit of bone ends, stabilizes joint and absorbs shock, reduces wear and tear; Found as meniscus in tibiofemoral joint

28
Q

Bursae Structure and Function

A

Structure: Flat, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane that are filled with synovial fluid; Function: decrease friction between tendons, ligaments, and bone -> “ball bearings”

29
Q

Tendon Sheath Structure and Function

A

Structure: tube-like bursae; Function: wrap around tendons exposed to considerable amounts of friction; Location: shoulder, wrist and ankles, fingers and toes

30
Q

Planar/Gliding Joints

A

Shape of Bones: flat/curved surfaces; Type of Movement: side-to-side and back and forth gliding; Planes of Movement: non-axial (no movement around an axis)

31
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Shape of Bones: cylinder and trough shapes; Type of Movement: up and down; Planes of Movement: uniaxial (one plane)

32
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Shape of Bones: small projection pivots within ring formed by curved depression on bone surface and ligament; Type of Movement: rotation along a longitudinal axis; Planes of Movement: uniaxial

33
Q

Condyloid/Condylar Joint

A

Shape of Bones: condyle/projection fits into cavity/depression of another bone; Type of Movement: up and down or side to side (no rotation); Planes of Movement: biaxial (two planes)

34
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Shape of Bones: both bones saddle-shaped; Type of Movement: side to side or up and down; Planes of Movement: biaxial

35
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A

Shape of Bones: ball-shaped head and cup-shaped socket; Types of Movement: side to side, up and down, and rotation; Planes of Movement: multiaxial (movement in all planes)

36
Q

Origin and Insertion

A

All skeletal muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at two points; Origin: attachment to immovable bone; Insertion: attachment to moveable bone

37
Q

Gliding Movement

A

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface; Ex: intercarpal, intertarsal joints

38
Q

Angular Movments

A

Increase or decrease angle between two bones; Flexion - decreases angle, Extension - increases angle, Hyperextension - movement beyond anatomical position; Abduction - movement away from midline, Adduction - movement towards midline; Circumduction - rotation of ball and socket joint

39
Q

Rotational Movements

A

Movement of bone around its own long axis; Medial - rotation towards midline, Lateral - rotation away from midline

40
Q

Supination and Pronation

A

Rotation of radius and ulna; Supination - palm faces anteriorly (up), Pronation - palm faces posteriorly (down)

41
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

A

Dorsiflexion - bending of foot toward shin, Plantar - pointing of toes (pushing on break)

42
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A

Inversion - sole of foot faces medially, Eversion - sole of foot faces laterally

43
Q

Protraction and Retraction

A

Movement in a lateral plane; Protraction - mandible juts out, Retraction - mandible pulled toward neck

44
Q

Elevation and Depression

A

Elevation - lifting body parts superiorly, Depression - lowering body part

45
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of Thumb

46
Q

Sprains

A

Causes: ligament of joint are stretched or torn with no dislocation; Symptoms: painful and immobilizing, inflammation, bruising

47
Q

Dislocations

A

Causes: displacement of bone from joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, articular capsules; Symptoms: joint severely painful and immovable, swelling and discoloration, visibly deformed or out of place

48
Q

Bursitis

A

Causes: acute or chronic inflammation of bursae; Symptoms: pain or achy feeling, swelling and redness, excessive pain

49
Q

Tendonitis

A

Causes: inflammation or irritation of tendon; Symptoms: painful, dull ache, tender to light pressure

50
Q

Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopic Surgery

A

Causes: cartilage is overstressed during activity; Symptoms: locking or binding in joint, popping sound

51
Q

Torn Ligament

A

Causes: direct injury or sudden twisting of joint; Symptoms: pain or complete loss of function, pop, sudden pain or swelling

52
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Causes: cartilage at ends of bone deteriorates over time; Symptoms: pain, tenderness, stiffness, ROM lessened

53
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Causes: unknown; Symptoms: fatigue, loss of energy, lack of appetite, muscle and joint aches, stiffness

54
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A

Causes: too much uric acid in blood; Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, redness, sharp pain in big toe

55
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Causes: inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria; Symptoms: joint pain and arthritis, skin rash, flu-like symptoms

56
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Causes: disease is a variant of rheumatoid arthritis that affects males; Symptoms: inflammation that leads to ankylosis and kyphosis, pain, stiffness, swelling in hips and spine

57
Q

Chondromalacia Patellae

A

Causes: irritation or damage to cartilage on undersurface of patella; Symptoms: dull aching pain in front of knee

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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