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Anatomy and Physiology > Bones and Skeletal Tissues (Chapter 6) > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissues (Chapter 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Structure of Skeletal Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae; Matrix, Avascular

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2
Q

Structure/Function of Perichondrium

A

Dense irregular CT; structurally similar to a capsule; surrounding cartilage contains blood vessels and nerves; restrains cartilage when compressed

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3
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Structure and Location

A

Scattered chondrocytes in lacunae; no visible fibers in matrix; Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

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4
Q

Elastic Cartilage Structure and Location

A

Scattered chondrocytes in lacunae; branching elastic fibers in matrix allows for flexibility; external ear, epiglottis

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5
Q

Fibrocartilage Structure and Function

A

Rows of chondrocytes in lacunae; parallel collagen fibers that withstand heavy pressures; intervertebral discs, meniscus, pubic symphysis

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6
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Derived from chondroblasts in perichondrium; New cartilage laid down on top of pre-existing cartilage

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7
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Derived from chondrocytes within pre-existing lacunae; Occurs within pre-existing cartilage; Growth plates in long bones

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8
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Along midline of body

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9
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Appendages and points of attachment to body

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10
Q

Long Bones

A

Are longer than wide

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11
Q

Short Bones

A

Cube-shaped

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12
Q

Flat Bones

A

Plate-like

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13
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Odd-shaped

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14
Q

Sesamoid (Circular Bones)

A

Atypical short bones that are formed within tendons which allow tendons to slide

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15
Q

Functions of Bone

A

Support: provide body framework and attachment sites for tendons; Protection: internal organs from injury; Movement: skeletal muscle contractions pull on bones via tendons that allow movement of the body and its parts; Mineral Storage: stored as salts in bone which are released into blood as needed; Triglyceride (Fat) Storage: stored in adipose CT; Blood Cell Formation: hematopoiesis

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

Surrounds bone not covered by articular cartilage; Contains blood vessels and nerves

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17
Q

Outer Layer

A

Dense irregular CT (attachment site for tendons and ligaments)

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18
Q

Inner Layer

A

Osteogenic Cells: which are derived from mesenchyme (mitotic) which develop from osteoblasts; Osteoblasts: form new bone by producing matrix and fibers; Osteoclasts: degrade bone and are formed by fusion of multiple macrophages (huge and multinucleate)

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19
Q

Functions of Periosteum

A

Increases bone width; Assists in repair and nourishment of bone; Attachment site of tendons and ligaments

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20
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines yellow bone marrow cavities, central canals in bone, and covers bony spicules/trabeculae in spongy bone; Composed of a single layer of osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts within a thin layer of reticular CT

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21
Q

Epiphysis

A

Distal and proximal ends of long bones; Contains spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and articular cartilage

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22
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Region where epiphysis joins diaphysis; Site of lengthwise bone growth during childhood/adolescence; Hyaline cartilage transitions bone in adult

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23
Q

Diaphysis

A

Between epiphyses; Compact bone surrounding medullary cavity proper

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24
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage; Covers ends of long bones; Functions include decreasing friction and absorbing shock

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25
Q

Marrow Cavities

A

Spaces housing bone marrow; Found within spongy bone; Within marrow cavities of all developing fetal bones

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26
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Function: hematopoiesis; Composition: developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within reticular CT framework

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27
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Composition: primarily adipocytes (adipose CT) and a few blood cells; Function: store triglycerides as energy reserves

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28
Q

Flat Bone Structure

A

Organization: compact bone surrounding spongy bone; CT Coverings: periosteum, endosteum which lack diaphysis and epiphyses; Marrow cavities: only in red bone marrow

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29
Q

Single Osteon

A

Lamellar Bone; Organization: concentric tubes of bony matrix, collagen fibers and mineral salts which are oriented in opposite directions in adjacent lamellae, ability to withstand twisting forces associated with movement of body; Central Canal: vertical passageway

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30
Q

Volkmann’s (Perforating Canals)

A

Horizontal passageways; Connect with central canals and medullary cavities; Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers from periosteum to endosteum

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31
Q

Osteocytes Lacunae

A

Found within small cavities between lamellae which is surrounded by tissue fluid; mature bone cells surrounded by matrix; Amitotic

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32
Q

Canaliculi

A

Radiate from lacunae; Contains slender cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes bathed by tissue fluid; Allow communication between adjacent osteocytes via gap junctions; Allows passage of nutrients, O2, wastes, and CO2 between osteocytes and central canal

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33
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Areas of bony tissue between osteons; Represent fragments of older osteons; Partially destroyed by bone rebuilding or growth

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34
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

Deep to periosteum or lies beneath endosteum, encircling marrow cavities; Withstand twisting of bone due to external forces

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35
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone

A

20% of human skeleton; Organized along lines of mechanical stress; Honeycomb of trabeculae which support and protect red bone marrow; No osteons present and no central canals; Lamellae are arranged irregularly

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36
Q

Organic Components

A

Osteogenic Cells (mitotic stem cells); Osteoblasts (mitotic bone forming): secretes fibers and matrix); Osteocytes (amitotic trapped in matrix): maintain daily metabolism of bone, strain sensors communicate to osteoblasts/clasts to start bone remodeling; Osteoclasts (amitotic break down bone matrix): lots of lysosomes and osteoids (35% of matrix which are secreted by osteoblasts)

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37
Q

Inorganic Components

A

Mineral Salts: calcium phosphate, mineralize within spaces between collagen fibers -> accumulate around collagen fibers which contributes to hardness of bone; Calcification of Bony Matrix: Collagen must be present in order for calcification of bone and provides flexibility to bone

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38
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Forms all bones from base of skull down, begins during 8th-9th week of fetal development, replaces hyaline cartilage skeleton with a bony skeleton, requires break down of cartilage prior to ossification

39
Q

First Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

New blood vessels infiltrate perichondrium which is converted to a periosteum

40
Q

Second Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Mesenchymal Cells develop into osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts

41
Q

Third Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Osteoblasts from the periosteum secrete and form bony matrix in which a bone collar forms around a diaphysis

42
Q

Fourth Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Chondrocytes enlarge which provides signal for cartilage matrix to calcify and harden

43
Q

Fifth Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Chondrocytes begin to die

44
Q

Sixth Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Cartilage begins to deteriorate and is replaced by increasing amounts of bony tissue

45
Q

Seventh Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage remains at epiphyses and at epiphyseal plate

46
Q

Eight Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Blood vessels from periosteum invade internal spaces and form spongy bone

47
Q

Ninth Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Diaphysis elongates and osteoclasts form medullary cavity

48
Q

Tenth Step of Endochondral Ossification

A

Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses at birth due to invasion by new blood vessels

49
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Begins during 8th week of development and bone is laid down between 2 sheet-like layers of mesenchyme, forms bones of skull and clavicles

50
Q

First Step of Intramembranous Ossification

A

Ossification centers form when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts

51
Q

Second Step of Intramembranous Ossification

A

Osteoid is secreted by osteoblasts which is mineralized

52
Q

Third Step of Intramembranous Ossification

A

Spongy bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels which starts formation of trabeculae

53
Q

Fourth Step of Intramembranous Ossification

A

Mesenchyme forms periosteum for newly formed bone

54
Q

Soft Spots

A

Allow flexibility of skull during childbirth and allows rapid brain growth during infancy

55
Q

Resting Zone

A

Small scattered chondrocytes which are closest to epiphysis; Function: anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis; Chondrocytes in this region do not function in bone growth

56
Q

Proliferation Zone

A

Columns of mitotic chondroblasts; Secrete cartilaginous matrix and collagen fibers; Push epiphysis from diaphysis and bone lengthens

57
Q

Hypertrophic Zone

A

Older chondrocytes enlarge and lacunae enlarge; Matrix between lacunae begins to erode and provides a signal for cartilage calcification to begin

58
Q

Calcification Zone

A

Only a few cells in thickness; Cartilage matrix calcifies and chondrocytes die; Forms spicules of calcified cartilage at junction of epiphysis/diaphysis

59
Q

Ossification Zone

A

Occurs in diaphysis region; Osteoclasts degrade calcified cartilage; Osteoblasts invade from marrow of spongy bone; Replaces calcified cartilage with bony tissue

60
Q

Appositional Growth in Width of Bones

A

Osteoblasts within periosteum secrete matrix onto bone surface; Osteoclasts from endosteum degrade bone lining medullary cavity; Osteoblast activity is slightly greater than osteoclast activity; Bones are thicker and stronger

61
Q

Regulation of Bone Growth

A

GH (growth hormone): stimulates activity at epiphyseal plate, promotes cell division, protein synthesis, and osteoblast activity; TH (thyroid hormone): controls GH activity, assures proper proportions of bone growth; Estrogens and Testosterones: increase osteoblast activity, growth spurts, estrogen ultimately shuts down bone growth at epiphyseal plates

62
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Involves two processes: bone resorption and deposition; Associated with periosteum and endosteum; Remodeling cells: osteoclasts and osteoblasts

63
Q

Bone Remodeling Function

A

Renews bone before deterioration sets in and fractures occur; Redistribution of bone along lines of mechanical stress; Heals injured bone

64
Q

Osteoblast and Osteoclast Function

A

Blast: build compact bone at periphery; Clast: reabsorb spongy bone and build new bone marrow

65
Q

First Step of Bone Resorption

A

Osteoclasts attach to surface of bone and form a leak proof seal

66
Q

Second Step of Bone Resorption

A

Secrete lysosomal contents (pH 4.5-5.5) which digest matrix and a pocket forms beneath osteoclast: Acids dissolve mineral salts to soluble forms, enzymes digest osteoid and cells found in bone (organic components)

67
Q

Third Step of Bone Resorption

A

Ca+2 and other minerals are released from bone

68
Q

Fourth Step of Bone Resorption

A

Osteoclasts perform endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis: tissue fluid enters capillaries

69
Q

Fifth Step of Bone Resorption

A

Osteoclasts under apoptosis when no longer needed

70
Q

First Step of Bone Deposition

A

A new bone matrix is formed by osteoblasts; Osteoblasts remove Ca+2 and PO4-2 from blood via mechanism

71
Q

Second Step of Bone Deposition

A

Deposit fibers and matrix which then leads to calcification of matrix

72
Q

Third Step of Bone Deposition

A

Become osteocytes when completely surrounded by matrix

73
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Modeling: Decreased Ca+2 in blood

A

Detected by cells in parathyroid gland which releases PTH (parathyroid hormone): increases osteoclast activity and increases Ca+2 in blood

74
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Modeling: Increased Ca+2 in blood

A

Detected by parafollicular cells in thyroid: increase osteoblast activity which inhibits osteoclast activity and decreases Ca+2 in blood

75
Q

Mechanical Stress on Bone

A

Bones become stressed when weight bears on them or muscles pull on them; Bones grow or remodel in response to stresses which applies to both compact and spongy bone

76
Q

First Step of Mechanical Stress

A

Mechanical stress is usually off center and bone tends to bend slightly

77
Q

Second Step of Mechanical Stress

A

Bending compresses one side and stretches the other

78
Q

Third Step of Mechanical Stress

A

Deformed bone pushes fluid containing ions through canaliculi and gap junctions between cellular processes

79
Q

Fourth Step of Mechanical Stress

A

Creates electrical current detected by osteocytes which releases chemical messengers to stimulate bone deposition

80
Q

Fracture Classification

A

Simple (skin not pierced) vs Compound (skin is pierced); Complete (broken into 2 parts) vs Partial (broken lengthwise but not separated); Spiral (bone is twisted and break is ragged)

81
Q

First Step of Bone Repair: Hematoma Formation

A

Bone breaks and blood vessels tear and blood is released into space between break; Blood clots in space between break and forms hematoma; Area becomes inflamed and swollen; Damaged bone cells die; Within 6-8 hours of injury

82
Q

Second Step of Bone Repair: Fibrocartilage Callus Formation

A

Macrophages and osteoclasts removed dead cells and damaged tissues; Fibroblasts from periosteum produce collagen fibers that reconnect broken ends; Chondroblasts fill space with fibrocartilage: Within 3 weeks of injury

83
Q

Third Step of Bone Repair: Bony Callus Formation

A

Osteoblasts convert fibrocartilage to spongy bone: Within 3-4 months of injury

84
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Breakdown of joint’s cartilage, bones rub against each other causing discomfort

85
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Body doesn’t get or absorb sufficient amounts of calcium and phosphate

86
Q

Osteopenia or Osteoporosis

A

Increased breakdown of bone

87
Q

Rickets

A

Low levels of vitamin D fail to control levels of calcium and phosphate. Blood levels of these minerals decrease which causes body to release hormones that then release calcium and phosphate from bones. Bones become soft and weak

88
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Chronic disorder of bone remodeling process. Bones formed by this abnormal process of excessive breakdown and formation are often abnormal, enlarged, less dense than normal bone, brittle, and prone to breakage

89
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Disorder of bone growth that results in dwarfism. Genetic disorder; it is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It is caused by a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Occur through Staphylococcus bacteria infecting bone; Can be caused by another infection, deep wounds, and direct contamination of the bone by external sources

91
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Rare malignant tumor arising in bone by bone producing immature bone by unknown cause

92
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease; osteogenesis imperfect (O1) is a congenital disease, caused by a defect in the gene that produces certain types of collagen, autosomal disease

93
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Too much calcium present in blood cause by hyperparathyroidism (PHTP) due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) being released by parathyroid glands

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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