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Anatomy and Physiology > Peripheral Nervous System (Chapter 13) > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System (Chapter 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Conscious or subconscious awareness of internal or external stimuli; conscious awareness -> sent to cerebral cortex; Subconscious awareness -> sent to medulla

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2
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation/meaning of sensations; Associated with cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Sensory Modalities

A

Unique types of sensations; One sensory neuron -> one type of sensory modality

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4
Q

General Senses

A

Tactile - touch, pressure, vibration; Thermal - warm/cold; Proprioceptive - position of body part in 3D space; Pain; Visceral

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5
Q

Special Senses

A

Smell, vision, taste, hearing, equilibrium/balance

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6
Q

1st Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor -> via change in internal/external environment

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7
Q

2nd Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Transduction of Stimulus -> stimulus energy converted to graded potential, 1 sensory receptor sensitive to only 1 type of stimulus

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8
Q

3rd Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Generation of AP -> when graded potentials reach threshold, PNS to CNS

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9
Q

4th Step of the Process of Sensation

A

Integration of sensory input -> APs interpreted by association areas within cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Signaling Pathways: 1st Order Neurons

A

Somatic sensory receptors; conduct information from various body regions to brainstem or spinal cord

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11
Q

Signaling Pathways: 2nd Order Neurons

A

Conduct impulses from brainstem and spinal cord to thalamus

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12
Q

Signaling Pathways: 3rd Order Neurons

A

Conduct impulses from thalamus to primary sensory are in cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Sensory Receptors: Free Nerve Endings

A

Bare dendrites (1st Order) not covered by CT capsule; No special adaptations

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14
Q

Sensory Receptors: Encapsulated Nerve Endings

A

Dendrites (1st Order) enclosed by CT capsule

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15
Q

Sensory Receptors: Separate Specialized Cells

A

Sensory Receptors that synapse with 1st Order neurons; Epithelial-like cells that release neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Sensory Receptors: Exteroreceptors

A

Located at or near body surface; Provide information about external environment

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17
Q

Sensory Receptors: Interoreceptors

A

Located in blood vessels, internal organs, muscles, and nervous system; Usually not consciously perceived with exceptions being pain and pressure

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18
Q

Sensory Receptors: Stimuli Detected

A

Mechanoreceptors (Mechanical Stimuli: pressure, tactile, vibration) - detects changes in mechanical pressure; Thermoreceptors (Electromagnetic Stimuli) - detect changes in temperature; Nociceptors - detect stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues; Photoreceptors (Electromagnetic Stimuli) - detect light striking the retina of eye; Chemoreceptors (Chemical Stimuli) - detect chemicals in mouth (taste), smell (nose) and body fluids; Osmoreceptors

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19
Q

Sensory Receptor Adaptation

A

Occurs when frequency of nerve impulses from 1 order neurons decreases due to prolonged stimulus; Rapidly adapting stimulus (adapt quickly) - specialized for signaling changes in stimulus; Slowly adapting receptors (adapt slowly) - trigger APs as long as stimulus persists

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20
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Non-Encapsulated): Free nerve endings

A

Located in skin and mucous membranes

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21
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Non-Encapsulated): Modified free nerve endings

A

Saucer-shaped dendrites; Located in epidermis; Stimulus: touch, light pressure (mechanical)

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22
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Non-Encapsulated): Hair root plexuses

A

Surrounds hair follicles; Stimulus: bending of hair (mechanical)

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23
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Encapsulated): Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Located in dermal papillae; Stimuli: light touch, light pressure, slow vibrations

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24
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Encapsulated): Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Located in the dermis, subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissue, joints, and periosteum; Stimuli: deep pressure, tickling, fast vibrations

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25
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors (Encapsulated): Ruffini corpuscles

A

Located in the dermis, tendons, and ligaments

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26
Q

Proprioceptors (Muscle Spindles)

A

Composition: nerve endings wrapped around specialized muscle fibers; Located: usually skeletal muscles; Stimuli: muscle stretch which initiates reflexes to resist muscle stretching

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27
Q

Proprioceptors (Golgi Tendon Organs)

A

Location: junction of tendons and muscle; Stimuli: tendon stretch which initiates reflexes to resist tendon stretching

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28
Q

Proprioceptors (Joint Kinesthetic Receptors)

A

Both free and encapsulated dendrites; Location: articular capsules of synovial joints; Function: determine joint position and movement in 3D space

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29
Q

Thermal Receptors (Warm receptors)

A

Less abundant; Located in the dermis: Temp. Range: 90-118F

30
Q

Thermal Receptors (Cold receptors)

A

More abundant; Located: skin, mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, and anus; Temp. Range: 50-105F

31
Q

Pain Receptors

A

Free nerve endings -> nociceptors; Location: activated indirectly by intense thermal. mechanical. or chemical stimuli; Indirect mechanism of nociceptor activation

32
Q

Structure of Nerves

A

Bundles of axons surrounded by CT layers; Epineurium - dense irregular CT, surrounds entire nerve -> groups of fascicles; Perineurium - dense irregular CT, surrounds bundles of axons -> fascicles; Endoneurium - delicate layer of loose CT composed mostly of collagen fibers in abundant matrix, surrounds myelinated and unmyelinated axons

33
Q

Types of Nerves: Sensory Nerves

A

Axons of sensory neurons only

34
Q

Types of Nerves: Motor Nerves

A

Axons of motor neurons only

35
Q

Types of Nerves: Mixed Nerves

A

Axons of both sensory and motor neurons

36
Q

Cranial Nerves: Olfactory (I)

37
Q

Cranial Nerves: Optic (II)

38
Q

Cranial Nerves: Oculomotor (III)

A

Mixed; Sensory: proprioception and movement of upper eyelid/eye; Motor: movement of upper eyelid and eye, extrinsic eyes muscles (superior, medial, and inferior rectus, inferior oblique), pupil constriction and near vision of eye-lens

39
Q

Cranial Nerves: Trochlear (IV)

A

Mixed; Sensory: proprioception/eye; Motor: movement of eye (superior oblique)

40
Q

Cranial Nerves: Trigeminal (V)

A

Mixed; 3 branches: ophthalmic - eyes and upward regions, maxillary - below eye regions and upper jaw, mandibular - lower jaw and anterior 2/3 of tongue; Sensory: touch, pain, warm/cold, proprioception; Motor; chewing and swallowing

41
Q

Cranial Nerves: Abducens (VI)

A

Mixed; Sensory: proprioception/eye; Motor: movement of eye (lateral rectus)

42
Q

Cranial Nerves: Facial (VII)

A

Mixed (multiple branches associated with facial region); Sensory: proprioception and taste; Motor: facial expressions, secretion of saliva (submandibular and sublingual glands), and tears (lacrimal glands)

43
Q

Cranial Nerves: Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A

Mixed; 2 branches - vestibular and cochlear; Sensory: equilibrium (vestibular) and hearing (cochlear); Motor: adjusts sensitivity of sensory receptors (hair cells) for both equilibrium and hearing

44
Q

Cranial Nerves: Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Mixed; Sensory: taste, touch, pain, warm/cold, posterior 1/3 of tongue; Motor: swallowing (pharynx and tongue) and saliva secretion (parotid gland); ANS Sensory: monitors blood pressure (stretch receptors), monitors blood O2 and CO2 levels (via chemoreceptors in carotid arteries) for regulating breathing rate an depth

45
Q

Cranial Nerves: Vagus (X)

A

Mixed; Wide distribution from head and neck to thorax and abdomen; Sensory: taste, touch, pain, warm/cold (epiglottis and pharynx); Motor: swallowing, coughing, and voice production; ANS Motor: smooth muscle contractions in GI tract

46
Q

Cranial Nerves: Accessory (XI)

A

Mixed; Nerve roots originate from both the brain stem and spinal cord (tortoro) and solely spinal cord (marieb); Motor: cranial root - swallowing, spinal root - movement of head and shoulders

47
Q

Cranial Nerves: Hypoglossal (XII)

A

Mixed; Sensory: proprioception; Motor: tongue movement during speech and swallowing

48
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Based on Origin

A

Innate reflexes -> inborn; Acquired reflexes -> learned via practicing

49
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Based on Integration Site

A

Cranial reflexes -> integrated with brainstem; Spinal reflexes -> integrated with spinal cord

50
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Based on Effectors

A

Somatic reflexes -> skeletal muscles; Visceral/autonomic -> smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

51
Q

Reflex Arc/Circuit: Sensory Receptor

A

Internal or external stimulus, graded potentials (dendrites/cell bodies) into AP generated in axon

52
Q

Reflex Arc/Circuit: Sensory Neuron

A

Afferent pathway -> spinal cord or brain stem

53
Q

Reflex Arc/Circuit: Integration Center

A

Information is processed by one or more regions within CNS, relay sensory impulses directly to motor neurons

54
Q

Reflex Arc/Circuit: Motor Neuron

A

Efferent pathway -> specific effector(s)

55
Q

Reflex Communication Pathways

A

Monosynaptic Reflex Pathway: One synapse between sensory neuron and motor neuron; Polysynaptic Reflex Pathway: Multiple synapses between sensory neuron and motor neuron, usually involves chains of interneurons

56
Q

Phrenic Nerve Injury (PNI)

57
Q

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

58
Q

Median Nerve Palsy

59
Q

Ulnar Nerve Palsy

60
Q

Wrist Drop

61
Q

Femoral Nerve Injury

62
Q

Obturator Nerve Injury

63
Q

Sciatic Nerve Injury (Sciatica)

64
Q

Anosmia

65
Q

External Strabismus

66
Q

Tic Dolourex

67
Q

Internal Strabismus

68
Q

Nerve Deafness

69
Q

Spinal Cord Compression

70
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

71
Q

Complete Transection and Hemisection

72
Q

Spinal Shock

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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